Effects of Risperidone in Children with Autism

Effects of Risperidone in Children with Autism   Crystal Branch   ANOVA Article Critique Researchers complied detailed data regarding two groups a sample group and a controlled group of children to study the cognitive effects of risperidone in children with autism and irritable behavior.  Ã‚   The study employed specific measurements designed to determine if children with autism and irritable behavior have an increase of cognitive performance while taking up to 3.5 mg of risperidone.   Recently a few studies have assessed cognitive effects of risperidone in children with severe behavioral disturbance. Gà ¼nther et al. (2006) assessed open-label risperidone in 23 children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and disruptive behavior disorders (DBDs) and in normal controls matched for age and IQ. This was a multi-site investigation that was conducted at five medical centers. After being assessed at the screen visit, participants who met inclusion criteria for the study were then reassessed with clinical instruments at baseline and weekly for the next 8 weeks.  Ã‚   So, researchers decided to conduct a double-blind placebo controlled groups on their attention span, how well their verbal learning skills are, diminished or improved hand/eye coordination, and spatial memory was evaluated.   Each of the areas was measured before, during and after 8 weeks of participation. All changes in performance were compared by repeated measures ANOVA. Will the use of risperidone in doses 0.5 up to 3.5 mg/day researchers want to know the question what the overall effect the drug has the on cognitive performance of children ages of 5-17 years old, diagnosed with autism and that suffer from irritable behavior. The review will show what was used to assess the variables and statistical methods created to decide if the study produced any valid result. The authors want to know answers through research if there are actually any significant effects the drug actually has on cognitive processing abilities in autistic children that also suffer from irritable behavior that uses risperidone. Through research and study, the authors looked for answers to this question and set a hypothesis they created around their research study. The authors implied that the null hypothesis (Ho) is that there would be no difference between placebo and risperidone (Aman, M. G., Hollway, J. A., McDougle, C. J., Scahill, L., Tierney, E., McCracken, J. T., . . . Pose y, D. J. (2008). The alternative hypothesis (Ha) should indicate that there would be a difference between cognitive performance of the sample group vs the controlled group.  Ã‚   A total of 38 children between the ages of 5-17 years of age were a part of the sample group, these children have been diagnosed with autism and severe behavior disturbance. Any participants receiving psychotropic medicines before the study went through a washout for at least 2 weeks prior to randomization (4 weeks for antipsychotics or fluoxetine). Cognitive assessments were done at Baseline, Week 4 and Week 8. Participants were started at either 0.25 or 0.50 mg with gradual adjustments over the first four weeks. Maximum dose for smaller subjects (15-45 kg) was 2.5 mg/day, whereas the maximum dose for larger participants (45 kg.) could be as high as 3.5 mg/day (1). As protocol requires during this period as in any clinical study, the subjects did not receive any form of their usual treatment so the effects of any current treatments are eliminated or assumed to be eliminated from their system for the benefit of this study.   Instead of immediately stopping and starting any new treatment, there will be a 2-4week time period where the treatment from the first drug is washed out of the patients system. Study participants were male and female children or adolescents, ages 5 to 17 years 2 months, with mental ages 18 months who had autism and severe behavioral disturbance. To be enrolled in the study, participants received a score of 18 on the Irritability subscale of the Aberrant Behavior Checklist (ABC) (Aman and Singh 1994). In addition, participants must have been rated with a Clinical Global Impressions-Severity (CGI-S) score of 4 by an experienced clinician (CGI-S; NIMH 1985, Arnold et al. 2000), and according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th Edition (DSM-IV) (American Psychiatric Association, 1994) a lifetime diagnosis of autistic disorder. The diagnosis of autism was based on a clinical evaluation that included a DSM-IV interview with a parent and direct observation of the participants. The clinical diagnosis was corroborated by structured interview with one or more parents acting as informants, using the Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised (Lo rd et al. 1994). This study has several limitations that caution against over-embracing the statistically-significant (and one equivocal) findings. First, given the exploratory nature of this work (there is only one other study of atypical antipsychotics in children with PDDs), we adopted the .05 level for alpha. Had we corrected for multiple comparisons, none of the comparisons would have exceeded alpha. Second, only a minority of our participants were able to perform these tasks. This resulted in (a) small sample sizes and (b) the observation that the testable group had a higher IQ and was older than the untestable group. Despite these obvious limitations, the findings are noteworthy for several reasons. First, autistic disorder is often coupled with a substantial cognitive disability.   Secondly, the significant diversification, indicated by partial eta squared, indicates substantial gains in adaptive skills if upheld by future studies. Next, it is noteworthy to point out that data assembled from various sites under double-blind conditions, which may help to dismiss any individual examiner effects. Finally, the mechanism of any improvement is unknown.

Mahmut Sait

Mahmut Sait Arslan 04 January 2013 The Role Of Religion in A Secular Society According to secularization theory, as societies become more modernized and rationalized, religion will gradually lose it’s authority in social life and governance(Norris & Inglehart, 2004, p. 4). Modernization did â€Å"undermined† lots of accepted beliefs(Holloway, 2011, para. 7). But, by contrast with secularization thesis, there is no significant diminution in people’s religious demands(Kuru, 2011, p. 4). Appearently, not all modernized societies call themselves as â€Å"secular† and not every secular state can completely ignore religion.In this work, I’m going to inspect secular societies and question how religion can take part in their governance, concerning American, French and Turkish examples. Historically, American’s and French have seperated the church and state for different reasons. The establishment of secular state in America was a result of a compromi se between rationalists and evangelists. These groups have agreed on the secular state for different reasons. Thomas Jefferson, one of the America’s Founding Fathers, had foreseen that the secular state would lead to the â€Å"freedom and triumph of the reason†.Oppositely, a famous Evangelist, Isaac Backus had believed that secular state would provide the spread of the religion(Kuru, 2011, p. 84). Because in America’s early years, none of the Protestant churches could provide the majority that is necessary to be legitimized as the official church. So, as the second best choice, they accepted the state to be secular(Kuru, 2011, p. 86). The secularization of the France is rooted in the ideas of Enlightenment. Philosophers of Enlightenment was trying to replace dogmatic values with rational and humanistic ones(Wikipedia, 2009).After the French Revolution, with the abolition of monarchy, the close relation between the French State and Catholic Church finished. Accor ding to Tocqueville, Christianity was the object of aggression not as a religion but as a political establishment. This was because of the cooperation between the monarch and the Church before the revolution(Kuru, 2011, p. 142). The different reasons led to different results in these countries. From the beginning of the 19th century, evangelists have strenghtened the socio-cultural hegomony of the Protestant college. Casanova, 1994, p. 137) Christianism was, in public sense, accepted as semiofficial religion of the U. S. It was also, accepted as a part of the state’s civil law(Kuru, 2011, p. 88). Even Supreme Court of U. S have acknowledged the U. S nation as a Christian nation(Kuru, 2011, p. 91). In this period, state was not neutral against all religions, but neutral amongst Protestant sects. Up till now, there has been ideological conflicts between rationalists and conservative people about the religion. There have been exclusivist and compromiser interpretations of the se cularism.But generally, it hadn’t been understood as hostility against religion. In America, churches are relieved from state’s effect, wheras in France the state is relieved from the Church’s effect. A radical interpretation of secularism which advocates the seperation of not just state and church, but of all kind of values like moral and human values, is hegemonic in France. In other words, eliminating the religion from public life and confining it with the soul of human. Some people even exceed it to create a â€Å"religion of humanity†(Holloway, 2008, para. 12).But, there have been lots of significant deviations from the ideology because of Catholic roots of French public and opposing ideological attempts. French government could easily ignore the religious demands of minorities like Muslims and Jewish. But they pay much attention to the demands of Catholics who form the majority. At the end of the first quarter of the 20th century, Turkey had to quot e the Swiss Civil Law because when they tried to make their own law, commission members couldn’t liberate themselves from their religious beliefs(Oguzman & Barlas, 2012, p. 27).But even when quoting they had to make some modifications according to Turkish culture. This was made in the name of being secular and neutral against all beliefs. Putting the history aside, I want to examine the impact of religious law in secular societies’ law system. Human made laws are inspired by lots of different sources like ethics, religion, philosophy, convenances, other law systems etc. These rules have some commonalities because they’re all aimed to establish the ideal society. Concerning this, secular legislatives should concern every law system and utilize them.For example, marriage is, in religious world, concerned as a religious practice. For secular people this mean nothing. But, if we take human nature into the account, inexistence of the institution of marriage could be a threat to the mental and physical health of the progenies(Oktem & Turkbag, 1999, p. 209). So, the legislatives may foresee a religious institution like marriage as necessary for secular reasons. The implementation of the secular law in Turkey has caused many problems because there were some rules which were opposite to the belief and perception of majority of the public like prohibiting headscarves.Ordering a believer not to do what they believe is like ordering somebody to jump off a cliff. Because they’re sure that they will be rewarded or punished according to their loyalty to their beliefs. The secularization thesis promise to be neutral against all religions. But applicating the inhibition of a religious obligation to all members of the society equally, is like prohibiting to sleep under the arch of a bridge for both rich and poor people equally(Kuru, 2011, p. 108). The acceptance of secularism as being neutral, and religiousity as differantiality makes secularists mor e advantagous.To eliminate unequality, chaos and tension states should pay more attention on public demands and trends. Compared to French and Turkish history, there were less religious related slaughters in American history. Without renouncing secularism, Americans could identify themselves as religious. They used secularism not as a tool to restrict and transform the public, but to ensure the freedom of different groups within the society. To be able to equal aginst every belief, each belief system should be approached equally.Like Islam or Christianity, secular people should be concerned as believers, believers of secularism. References Age of Enlightenment. (2009). In  Wikipedia. Retrieved january 4, 2013, from en. wikipedia. org Casanova, J. (1994). Public Religions in the Modern World. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. Holloway, D. , (2008). The Secular State and The Oxford Union. Retrieved January 4, 2013, from http://www. church. org. uk/resources/csdetail. asp? cs date=01/02/2008 –(2011). A Judge, Secularism, Pluralism and Fundamentalism.Retrieved January 04, 2013, from http://www. church. org. uk/resources/csdetail. asp? csdate=01/03/2011 Kuru, A. (2011). Pasif ve D? slay? c? Laiklik: ABD, Fransa ve Turkiye. Istanbul: Istanbul Bilgi Universitesi Yay? nlar?. Norris, P. & Inglehart, R. (2004). Sacred and Secular: Religion and Politics Worldwide. New York: Cambridge University Press. Oguzman, M. K. & Barlas, N. (2012). Medeni Hukuk. Istanbul: Vedat Kitapc? l? k. Oktem, N. & Turkbag, A. U. , (1999). Felsefe, Sosyoloji, Hukuk ve Devlet. Istanbul: Der Yay? nlar?.

“Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde” and “Lord of the Flies” both deal with mans struggle to control his inner evil Essay

How do the authors’s show this struggle? In â€Å"the strange case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde,† Robert Louis Stevenson presents mans struggle to control his inner evil through Jekyll but the evil comes out in Hyde. Dr Jekyll is a fine upstanding member of the community and Mr Hyde is still Jekyll but he has no conscience and no sense of responsibility and so goes on wild evil rampages, I am going to explore how Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde show their evils. Dr Jekyll is a moral and religious man and has a conscience but he is attracted to the violence and freedom of Hyde and for him turning into Hyde is like a drug, he is addicted. Dr Jekyll is in a constant struggle with Hyde for control â€Å"if I am the chief of sinners I am the chief of sufferers also,† which shows the constant torment he is in yet he still drinks the drug. â€Å"Before the smile was struck out of his face and succeeded by an expression of abject terror and despair, as froze the blood of the two gentleman below,† this shows that Jekyll is scared of turning into Hyde and it also gives a picture of the ferocity of Hyde. Jekyll becomes weak from Hyde and eventually Hyde takes over completely â€Å"Dr Jekyll, looking deadly sick. He did not rise to meet his visitor, but held out a cold hand and bade him welcome in a changed voice,† this shows that Hyde is slowly trying to kill Jekyll. Jekyll decided to kill Hyde â€Å"Utterson, I swear to god Utterson I am done with him in this world,†Ã¢â‚¬ I cannot say that I care what becomes of Hyde I am quite done with him,† Utterson says to Jekyll â€Å"he meant to murder you,† which shows that Jekyll is good to have got rid of Hyde but Jekyll still takes the potion and Hyde continues his torments and Eventually kills Jekyll. â€Å"God knows I am careless this is my true hour of death and what is to follow concerns another than myself,† that was Jekyll’s final transformation before his death. Edward Hyde is the beast that takes Henry Jekyll over he is a small deformed man â€Å"the man seems hardly human troglodytic shall we say,† â€Å"I read Satan’s signature upon a face,† â€Å"like a monkey,† these all describe Hyde it is like Hyde is a step back in evolution. Hyde is also very fast â€Å"it went so quick,† â€Å"with extraordinary quickness,† these both show the speed oh Hyde so we now that he is animal like and very quick, he is also very savage as he has no conscience â€Å"for the man trampled calmly over the child’s body and left her screaming on the ground,† â€Å"really like Satan,† these both show his ferocity, there are also a lot of satanic references to Hyde which suggests that he is the work of the devil. Other people perceive Hyde as being a â€Å"juggernaut,† â€Å"without the bowels of mercy,† â€Å"a spirit of enduring hatred,† which shows that he disgusts them. Hyde hates Jekyll because he thinks he is weak and pathetic but he still fears Jekyll because he knows that Jekyll has the power to cut him off by suicide â€Å"how he fears my power to cut him off by suicide,† â€Å"blasphemies on the pages of my books, burning letters and destroying the portrait of my father,† by doing these things Hyde is trying to demoralise Jekyll because it seems that the weaker Jekyll gets the stronger Hyde gets. As Jekyll gets ill Hyde feeds off his weakness making himself stronger † the powers of Hyde have grown stronger with the sickliness of Jekyll,† this shows that Hyde is very powerful and can force Jekyll to do anything. I think at first Jekyll finds Hyde exciting and adventurous and he loves the feeling of having no conscience. Jekyll and Hyde are like â€Å"polar twins,† being the same yet very opposite. Jekyll also has biblical references because the thrill of Hyde tempts him like the tree in the bible tempts Adam and Eve. This story shows that man has always been evil it is just hidden behind a mask and Hyde pulled this mask from Jekyll revealing the evil inside after all they are the same person. Lord of the Flies is much the same as Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde because they both deal with mans struggle to control his inner evil, but however in Lord of the Flies it is children who are evil and not adults like in Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde, so does this show that you are born evil? It certainly challenges the idea that you are born free from sin, as some of the children in Lord of the Flies are from private schools and you would think to be better brought up and you could say somewhat shielded from the world, but the children who were from a public education system behaved better and tried to overthrow to the evil that lay on the island. Lord of the flies shows emotions through its characters, Piggy who represents conscience and logic, Simon who represents Jesus and Jack and Ralph who are the leaders of the two â€Å"gangs† (good and evil). At the beginning of the novel it is hard to differentiate between the â€Å"good† and â€Å"bad† people because they have all jus t met each other and are all trying to out do each other in a bid to be popular but does this in itself show that maybe they are all evil? When the two gangs split up and start living separately its like Jekyll and Hyde because its like one gang is Jekyll and the other gang Hyde and as the story goes on the Hyde gang tries to kill the Jekyll gang. Also the Hyde gang use masks when hunting for food â€Å"body held up a mask that drew their eyes and appalled them. He began to dance and his laughter became a bloodthirsty snarling,† this shows that by putting masks on they are acting like Hyde transforming them from laughter to being â€Å"snarling and bloodthirsty.† â€Å"Jack hid liberated from shame and self consciousness,† this is exactly How Jekyll feels When he transforms in to Hyde because he is liberated from all consciousness and feels free to do whatever he wants. When Jacks gang are wearing these masks they launch attacks on Ralph’s gang, the results of which end up in the death of Piggy, so all conscience and logic is removed and then as all they are removed we see the breakdown of their community and the â€Å"good† gang becomes equally as vicious as the bad gang showing that evil is like a disease that can’t be healed and just keeps spreading. Simon also dies of an epileptic shock and this signifies that as he is the â€Å"Jesus† figure surely all hope and good is lost now, this is like when Jekyll becomes so ill he lets Hyde take over â€Å"he was so frail he only raised a hand to bade him a welcome,† and shows that there is no going back now evil has taken a strong hold on the island and can only get worse, good can no longer triumph over evil. When the navy finally rescues the boys nobody knows what has happened the island and they can only assume that the missing boys were killed in the plane crash. This shows mans naivety and arrogance to think that young innocent boys couldn’t have brutally murdered one boy and left another to die, this reflects Jekyll and Hyde by the way in which nobody realises that a fine upstanding member of the community could possibly be a murderer although it is without his knowing but the boys on the island are young and you could say that without their parents and rules, they can’t differentiate between right and wrong. Jekyll and Hyde was written in the Victorian times and it does challenge the idea of inner evil but good eventually wins because in the Victorian times people were moral and blind to the evil lurking before them and so sin was eventually killed in Jekyll and Hyde. In Lord of the Flies however you could say the evil triumphs which is the case in today’s modern society, but the children are rescued from the evil they have created which you could argue that maybe good triumphs over evil after all. Both authors say that evil is in us and not around us and that without rules evil will show itself more fully. Evil is a tempting attractive power that gives you freedom but if you are truly evil can you be truly happy? We all see evil but can we see our own? Maybe these novels are trying to show us that maybe we should look inside ourselves and see if we are truly evil or is evil just something we use as an excuse to hurt people?

Animal Cloning A Major Form Of Assisted Animal Reproduction

Animal cloning has recently become a major form of assisted animal reproduction. Cloning is used on farms to reproduce the healthiest animals in an effort to increase production of healthy foods. In 1986, Steen Malte Willadsen was the first to publish details about the first mammal born through nuclear transfer cloning. Scientists support this because they believe that the use of cloning is evolutionary and is leaving a positive impact on the world. Although discoveries are still being made with this process, it continues to raise many questions in the public, causing it to become a highly controversial topic. There are many that question the ethics of this practice, and wonder how the laws come into play with its legality. By presenting the facts regarding animal cloning, one can decide how they feel about the topic in terms of science, ethics, and laws. The first argument being made is in support of animal cloning for scientific purposes. â€Å"Application possibilities of cloning in research, industry and agriculture are theoretically almost limitless† (Vajta, 2006). As a whole, the technology used in scientific research is constantly improving and furthering possibilities. Currently, there are two categories of animal cloning: biomedical and agricultural. From a scientist’s perspective, biomedical cloning could improve the understanding of biological expression of genes during development and differentiation, which could benefit the reproduction of human species later on inShow MoreRelatedThe Importance Of The Cloning Of Dolly The Sheep1743 Words   |  7 PagesThe cloning of Dolly the sheep from a differentiated adult mammary epithelial cell was a crucial turning point for the revolution of science. It indicated that nuclear reprogramming can completely re-activate genes after being inactivated during tissue differentiation. There is enormous potential application in cloning by nuclear transfer using mammalian somatic cells However, somatic cloning used in producing live clones have resulted in defects and high fetal mortality rates. Therefore, the cloningRead MoreIs Human Cloning Beneficial?2198 Words   |  9 PagesIntroduction Human cloning is described as â€Å"the creation of a genetically identical copy of a human.† Although human cloning has no record of being successful, cloning was demonstrated to be possible when scientists Sir Ian Wilmut and the rest of their research team successfully cloned Dolly, a sheep (Wilmut 12). This demonstration opened up a new area of science ready to be explored. If animals can be cloned, can human beings be cloned too? If successful, scientists would be able to clone humanRead More The Science and the Laws Impacting Human Cloning Essay5866 Words   |  24 Pagesand the Laws Impacting Human Cloning Human cloning, long the subject of science fiction, is today a practical reality. Recent breakthroughs, most renowned the cloning of a sheep from an adult cell in Scotland in 1997, have caused the world to acknowledge that human cloning is indeed possible. Governments around the world immediately attempted to address the issue of human cloning, with varying levels of success. At the same time the pace of cloning technology continued to accelerateRead MoreDetermining The Transfer Of Foreign Genes Into The Cells Of Animals Essay2995 Words   |  12 Pages Genetic engineering involves the transfer of foreign genes into the cells of animals or plants at an early stage in their development so that they develop with desired characteristics. 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Selective breeding is when animal breeding or plant breeding is controlled by humans to manipulate theRead MoreEssay on Infertility and In Vitro Fertilization3317 Words   |  14 Pagesconception is never achieved from their efforts. Some of these couples turn to specialists in infertility to help them realize their dreams of a family. Infertility doctors often use various forms of Assisted Reproductive Techniques â€Å"ART† to bring hope back to many infertile couples. In vitro fertilization â€Å"IVF† is one form of ART that can aid those in need and fulfill the dream of parenthood for many couples (IVF). When people begin to think of IVF, they conjure images of a mad scientist performingRead MoreRole of Ministry of Health in Malaysia6759 Words   |  28 Pageswell as non-communicable diseases, including mental health. At the same time, it will persevere to provide universal coverage of healthcare services at affordable costs. 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This involves which of the following: Using many subjects but having no controls In the diagram below, which of the following isRead MoreSources of Ethics20199 Words   |  81 Pagesattitudes, researchers ave turned to Kohlberg’s (1981) stage development theory as a basis. Even though he argues strongly that religious and moral judgments are separate, Recent research in the context of business ethics points to the fact that the major monotheistic religions contain universal moral tenets, such as the Ten Commandments as applied to Christianity, Judaism, and Islam (Ali et al., 2000), as well as other Biblical traditions that provide instructive moral guidance (Friedman, 2000). O’LearyRead MoreScience and Technology13908 Words   |  56 Pages NHK (Japan Broadcasting Corporation), Nikkei Inc., the Tokyo Metropolitan Board of Education, and Japan Airlines for their support, as well as the educational institutions, embassies, international organizations and various networks who have assisted us in disseminating the program. 2009 International Essay Contest for Young People 1 Contents Foreword ãÆ' »Ã£Æ' »Ã£Æ' »Ã£Æ' »Ã£Æ' »Ã£Æ' »Ã£Æ' »Ã£Æ' »Ã£Æ' »Ã£Æ' »Ã£Æ' »Ã£Æ' »Ã£Æ' »Ã£Æ' »Ã£Æ' »Ã£Æ' »Ã£Æ' »Ã£Æ' »Ã£Æ' »Ã£Æ' »Ã£Æ' »Ã£Æ' »Ã£Æ' »Ã£Æ' »Ã£Æ' »Ã£Æ' »Ã£Æ' »Ã£Æ' »Ã£Æ' »Ã£Æ' »Ã£Æ' » 1 First Prize Essays ãÆ' »Ã£Æ' »Ã£Æ' »Ã£Æ' »Ã£Æ' »Ã£Æ' »Ã£Æ' »Ã£Æ' »Ã£Æ' »Ã£Æ' »Ã£Æ' »Ã£Æ' »Ã£Æ' »Ã£Æ' »Ã£Æ' »Ã£Æ' »Ã£Æ' »Ã£Æ' »Ã£Æ' »Ã£Æ' »Ã£Æ' »Ã£Æ' »Ã£Æ' »Ã£Æ' »Ã£Æ' »Ã£Æ' »Ã£Æ' »Ã£Æ' »Ã£Æ' »Ã£Æ' »Ã£Æ' » 3 Children s Category â€Æ'Our

The Development Of The Cognition - 1013 Words

The development of the cognition in the early years of life (2-6 year olds) is the assembly of the thought processes. The thought processes are comprised of memory, problem solving, and decision-making (Encyclopedia of Children’s Health). Universally all children’s thought processes consist of these three abilities; however, there are cases where the child doesn’t have the ability or can be impaired in one or more of these abilities. Several theories of how a child in the early years thinks have been developed over the years. The motor skills, brain development, and impulse control that advances every year of a child’s life affect the cognition or ability to think (book). Two theorists that first described this were Jean Piaget and Lev†¦show more content†¦According to Kathleen Stassen Berger, the Preoperational stage is where children don’t use the reasoning process and is different than the Sensorimotor stage because they can now think sy mbolically. Until the child reaches around the age of six there are 4 limitations of logic, including: Centration, the focus on appearance, static reasoning, and irreversibility. Centration is to focus on only part of the situation rather than the situation as a whole. A major type of centration is egocentrism which means â€Å"self-centeredness†. This means the child understand the world only from their perspective. The focus of appearance is the idea that an object is what it appears to be. Static reasoning is that the child believes the world is exactly how it is now and won’t change. Lastly, irreversibility is child belief that once something happens it can’t be changed (Berger, 2014, p.182-183). Piaget proved this in an experiment done on conservation and how no matter if the object has the same amount of something in it, if one is narrower and so the substance is higher, the child believes that there is more substance in it. This chart from the book shows conservation. Kathleen Stassen Berger explains the outcome of the experiment when she says, â€Å"Young children fail to understand conservation because they focus (center) on what they see (appearance), noticing only the immediate (static) condition. It does not occur to them that they can

The Most Popular Scholarship Essay Topics 2018

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Guide to Biometrics for Large-Scale Systems

Questions: Choosing from among ANY ONE of the business scenarios provided below, prepare a Market Analysis Report that outlines an overall market analysis for your client. This analysis will include a comprehensive macro- and micro-environmental business analysis, an industry analysis, the challenges and opportunities, customer analysis including current and potential target customers, market segments, and some influences shaping their behavioural choices, and an analysis (if applicable) of key competitors. Also to be included are some ideas about how further market research can be carried out to gain more insights. You are the senior market analyst for a leading marketing consultancy firm. You have been approached by clients asking you to prepare a market analysis that will help them in firming up their marketing plans.? Answer: Introduction Marketing for a selected product or a business is much important for any organisation than to establish the organisation. Without proper marketing, no product or no business will run in the future. In this essay, the marketing strategy and development for the company Bodeans BBQ which is a renounced supply chain of American style Diner- Delis over 10 years will be described. To make a proper recommendation for the Bodeans BBQ the marketing manager should understand their macro and Micro- environmental factors and also to develop a proper planning relevant with the proper theories and models. In this paper, the organisation is willing to expand their business in the east and south-east England and mainly focused on the Norwich where they want to make proper business. To evaluate all these processes, the senior marketing manager should understand all the marketing processes in the East and South-East England and also should analyse the market and customers to understand to opportunitie s for the company. Macro and Micro Environmental factors of Bodeans BBQ and England market Every business has an impact of macro and micro environmental factors. It is important for any market analyst to understand these all factors which are impacting the business. In this report, the Bodeans BBQ is going to develop their business in the market of Englands East and South- Eastern zone (Myra Shackley., 2012). Therefore, it is important to understand the macro and micro environmental factors in the Eastern and South- eastern zones of England to make a proper marketing development and strategy. The factors are described in the next segmentation: Macro analysis: There are many factors which are affecting a business very crucially. Here, among all factors the macro environmental factors are described to understand the proper business environment of the Eastern and South- Eastern England (Kinra, 2009). To describe the macro environment, PESTEL analysis is very much important. The PESTEL analysis is described below: Political Factors: England is based on dictatorship. Thus, the Bodeans BBQ has a great chance to fit in the political environment in the east and south eastern England. So, it is very much clear that the organisation has a chance to match with all the rules and regulations of the zones where they are willing to develop their business (Hall, 2012). Apart from this, it is also a notable part that the organisation should maintain all the governmental factors which should be followed by all the organisations in the eastern and south eastern England. It is clear that the political factors are in favour of the Bodeans BBQ Company (Editors, 2010). Economic Factors: England is one of the richest countries in the world. They are developed in all the economic states and they are also a developed country according to the world survey (Pertschuk, 2010). Depending on the recent condition, the organisation is gaining profit from all the outlets. Bodeans BBQ has a great financial strength as they are the most successful company among all supply chain companies of foods in the world. According to the scenario, the organisation is going to develop their marketing strategy in the eastern and south-eastern zones of England. Therefore, these two zones are also very much developed and they have a potentiality to adopt the prices and foods of Bodeans BBQ (Wunder, Kemp and England, 2009). It is visible that the economic condition of the states are also supporting the company and they also have a great strength to sustain in the condition where they are going to develop their marketing strategy. Social Factors: Every English person lives a high profile life in the England. They always prefer branded products whether it is a t-shirt or food. So, it is very much important for any organisation to make products with the best quality. Quality defines the brand and people of England emphasise the quality to judge a product's brand value. In this case, the Bodeans BBQ is a well-known company and they are producing great quality foods like barbeques, steaks, and burgers (Sole  and Recasens i Vives, 2012). Thus, it is very much important for them to develop their quality more to impress the customers in the England. The same situation goes with the selected area Norwich where the people are willing to accept the quality products and the brand. The company has a great brand value and they are also producing a good quality product for satisfying the customer's satisfaction (Editors, 2010). Technological Factors: many organisations are producing the quality materials with a great technology having in a background. The Bodeans BBQ is also a great company who has a great technology to produce the best quality products. Depending on their technological background it is sure that they have a great opportunity to fit in the Eastern and South- Eastern England while they will develop their business there (Ashbourn, 2011). Moreover, there are many other companies who are delivering the best technology based products. In this case, the company have to introduce more improved technology to sustain in the market. Micro Environmental factors: The micro environment is made up of the factors which are affecting the organisations with a daily bases like the customers, employees, suppliers, and competitors (Ashbourn, 2011). The micro environmental analysis is as follow: Figure: 1 Source: https://learnmarketing.net/microenvironment.htm Macro Environment: Customers: Every organisation has a need of customers who are the main base of the marketing process. The Bodeans BBQ is well-known to all the customers as they have a great quality and brand image (Wang, 2014). Keeping these all in mind, the organisation should focus on the targets as like the customers and market while they will develop their business in the eastern and South- Eastern England. It could be a great factor for them while they will deal with the customers of Norwich (Brown, 2010). Employees: Employees are the strength of organisations. Here, the company has a good employee strength which gives them a great support to retain the best position in the market. When they will make business in the Norwich they have to be very specific towards the market and should train all the employees according to the situation where they will act perfectly to deal with the customers and suppliers (Brown, 2010). Suppliers: to make proper business in the East and South-Eastern England, the organisation should make a healthy supplier base to do proper business. The market will be tough for them in a case of competition and they have to understand the products that the customers desire. According to the customer's need, they have to arrange the suppliers in the Norwich. Competitors: though the Bodeans BBQ is one of the leading organisation, in the market of Norwich they will face many competitors who will compete with them. Thus, the marketing strategy should include the solution for competing with other and the way to establish there as the best organisation (Brown, 2010). Opportunities and Challenges in the Market of East and South-East England Before understanding the market challenges and opportunities, it is important to analyse the Bodeans BBQs opportunities and challenges first (Clements, 2012). To evaluate the requirements the SWOT analysis it important for any researcher to carry out the organisations potentiality. The SWOT analysis of Bodeans BBQ is as followed: SWOT analysis: Strength: the organisation has a great employee strength and they are the leading company in the market of food supply chain industry. Therefore, it is important for the organisation to retain the position as they are willing to expand the business in the eastern and south- eastern England. The main strength of the company is their management (Clements, 2012). They have a great management who are always taking are of the quality and their customers needs. Weakness: the organisation is not worldwide produced. They have to be more flexible while they are willing to expand the business in the market of Eastern and South- Eastern England. One of the main weakness of the organisation is they have no proper marketing strategy which can affect them in future development (Sawant, 2010). As a result, marketing strategy is necessary for the organisation to sustain in the market. Opportunity: as it is mention in the previous discussion that they have a great strength of employees and management they can make a great impact on the development. They have a great opportunity to develop the business in different countries and regions. Therefore, it is mandatory for the company to develop the strengths while they are making their development in different places (Kristof and WuDunn, 2009). Threats: every organisation has a threat of being taken over by other companies. Though they are the leader in this field, they have to be more conscious while they are making marketing in the eastern and south- eastern England (Wang, 2014). There are many other companies who are willing to make their impressions in the market with the best quality. So, their proficiency will be a great threat for the Bodeans BBQ (Clancy and Greaney, 2012). Figure: 2 From the above analysis, it is clear that the Bodeans BBQ is very much potential to put their new steps in the Norwich. They have a great management who are efficient in working in various conditions no matter whether it is good or bad. They have a great employee strength, depending on that they will make their business effectively with best employees. Though they have some barriers like; they didnt compete at the international level, they have no idea of the international market. Apart from that, they have to face many new competitors who will be a threat. By making a great marketing strategy, they can overcome these all implications (Encourage Great Ideas, 2015). Industry Analysis for Bodeans BBQ in the East and South- East England Knowledge of the industry provides the best understanding of organisations strength and weakness and also the competition in the market along with the best customer analysis in the targeted market (Simpkins, 2004). Here the company Bodeans BBQ is going to make business in the new market of Norwich. Thus, analysis of the Norwich market is very much important for the company. Competitive Force: Competition is the main trend of any market and this can impact on any organisation. Making business in the Norwich is very tough though the organisation is best in the industry. In the market of Norwich, many small and medium-sized similar business is making their impression on the market (Calley, 2012). Therefore, as a new entry in the market, they have to be very much careful when they will introduce their product in the market. They might get much competition while producing the business. New Entry: A new entry is always a great factor for any organisation. No company can imagine which kind of technology and product the new organisation will bring (Canton, 2003). So, it is necessary for any organisation to be prepared for the newcomers and their threats. The Bodeans BBQ should make proper planning for the threat of newcomers. That will give them to understand the organisation with its strengths and weaknesses (P. and Chaudhury, 2012). Customers Demand: As mentioned before, the English people are living an aristocrat living. They always try to accept the brands and best quality. Thus, to meet all the requirements of customers, they should produce the best quality and best service for them in the new market. In this way, they can satisfy customers demands (Cerasale and Stone, 2004). Competitive Business Strategy for Bodeans BBQ in East and South- East England According to the current scenario, the corporate strategy and marketing mix strategy are one of the best choice for the company (Gregory, 2013). There are four corporate strategy concepts like: Portfolio theory: A strategy stand primarily on diversification during attainment. The business shifts capital among the components and monitors the presentation of every industry part and its best. All elements usually run freely, with partial meddling from the commercial hub provided aims are congregated. 2. Restructuring: The business workplace acquires then vigorously intervenes in an industry anywhere it perceives possible, frequently by restoring organization and implementing a new selling scheme. Transferring skills: significant professional skill and organisational ability are basically extended to numerous businesses. The skills have to be an essential to reasonable benefit. Sharing activities: aptitude of the joint business to influence centralised jobs, such as sales, economics, etc. Thus plummeting expenses (Gregory, 2013). According to the theory, the organisation should prepare the best utilisation of the product units which should only be used by the organisation when they will start the developmental process in the Norwich. Marketing Mix Strategy: The marketing mix is the arrangement of controllable, strategic marketing tools that an organization uses to create a craved reaction from its objective business sector. It comprises of everything that an organization can do to impact interest for its product. It is likewise an apparatus to help marketing arranging and execution. Four Ps of Marketing: Product: The merchandise and/or administrations offered by an organization to its clients. Price: The measure of cash paid by clients to buy the product. Place: The exercises that make the product accessible to purchasers. Promotion: The exercises that convey the product's components and advantages and induce clients to buy the product. A viable promoting technique joins the 4 Ps of the marketing mix. It is intended to continue the organization's marketing so as to promote destinations its customers with worth. The 4 Ps of the marketing are connected, and consolidate to set up the product's position inside of its target markets. Marketing Techniques and Methods There are two sorts of market research strategies. The strategies are: Primary Research: Surveys and questionnaires: Another magnificent and extremely influential approach to lead essential arithmetical survey is during overviews and ballots. The phrase "reviews" is a generous expression to facilitate a tonne of equipment, for example, overview polls, study shape, learning summits and buyer faithfulness cards, and so on (Hawkins and Hawkins, 2006). It is an obvious plan for meaningful despite of whether the customer is satisfied by the selling present administration and items or what sort of changes might the customer want to see. Secondary research: Internal sources: Inward sources are those sorts of secondary market research sources that as of now exist and are gathered in the business' database or document framework. Inward sources incorporate data that has as of now been gathered by the organisation and demonstrates helpful for future ventures, and so forth. For most organisations, inward sources might demonstrate enough to grow new items and administrations. Illustrations: benefit and misfortune articulations, accounting reports, and sales figures (Hawkins and Hawkins, 2006). Market Segmentation Apart from these strategies the organisation may also use the market segmentation technique to be most powerful in their marketing and developing their business in Norwich. In market segmentation there are various types of techniques like: Geographic Segmentation: geographic location can influence any business. This segmentation includes nation, regions, states, countries, and so on. Depending on these variables the organisation should produce their products where these division will accept their products. Demographic Segmentation: demographic segmentation includes, age, sex, generation, religion, and occupation and education. All categories of variables have their different choice of foods. So, the organisation will understands the desires of these geographic customers and they will provide service according to the choice. Behavioural Segmentation: every customers have their own perspective and behaviours based on their choice, usage and interests. Therefore, understanding the customers in the new area will be their 1st activities. Psychographic Segmentation: this segmentation includes the lifestyle that the customers have accepted. The organisation Bodeans BBQ should recognize the lifestyle of customers. That will give them a proper knowledge of their product quality and how much they have to improve in the new place. Occasional Segmentation: Incidental customer segmentation combines customer level and event level segmentation models and gives a comprehension of the individual buyers needs, conduct and esteem under various events of utilization and time. Recommendation and Conclusion From the above discussion, it is clear that the organisation has a great opportunity to undertake a development of business in the east and southeastern England. So, they have to understand the main factors that the organisation will face in the new market. They have to be careful about the new companies and the existing companies in the Norwich. For marketing strategy, the organisation should follow the corporate strategy as this is most appropriate marketing development in the new city. Therefore, if they follow all the necessary factors and do proper implementation according to the market they will lead in the market again. References Ashbourn, J. (2011). Guide to biometrics for large-scale systems. London: Springer. Brown, S. (2010). Tough customer. New York: Simon Schuster. Calley, D. (2012). Market denial and international fisheries regulation. Leiden, NL: Martinus Nihoff. Canton, L. (2003). Guard force management. Amsterdam: Butterworth-Heinemann. 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