Dying of Breast Cancer in the 1800s

Breast cancer is a disease that devastates so many women in our society each year. The catastrophic toll that it had on women in the 1800’s was much more traumatizing than it is today. Robert Shadle and James S. Olson give us a vivid picture of what breast cancer in the 1800’s was like in their essay entitled, â€Å"Dying of Breast Cancer in the 1800s. † The authors of this incredible essay describe the life of â€Å"Nabby† Adams, the daughter of John and Abigail Adams. The essay gives us a detailed account from the beginning to the end of Nabby’s fight with cancer. Nabby and Colonel William Smith were married in June of 1786 and they would go on to later have three children. Colonel Smith was not one to settle down, moving from America to London, from London back to America, spending entirely too much money that he did not have. In the year of 1808 Nabby found a small dimple on her breast that she thought was probably just the sign of old age. It turns out that that dimple was actually a malignant tumor rapidly spreading throughout her body. In the year of 1809 Nabby noticed that the â€Å"old age† dimple had turned into a solid lump hidden in her breast and as time went on the lump slowly grew in size. Nabby went from physician to physician consulting them on what to do, and none of the remedies seemed to work. So in 1811 Nabby returned to Quincy, Massachusetts where her parents resided and contacted Dr. Benjamin Rush, a family friend and a famous skilled physician. Dr. Rush advised Nabby to have surgery immediately. Nabby consented to the idea although she was rather timid. Surgery in these days was not the same as it is today. Today there is a vast amount of research that goes into each particular surgery; in those days it was the complete opposite. Today we have sanitation procedures, while back then they did not know anything about sanitation! And the biggest difference in surgeries between the two time periods is the use of anesthesia. In the 1800’s the use of anesthesia was not present, this meant that patients were wide-awake during the procedure. The graphic depiction of Nabby Adams strapped to the chair with the doctor on top slashing at the breast and pulling out the cancerous cells was an account that made my stomach turn upside down. The grueling pain that she must have felt and then to later find out that it was all for nothing. In the 1800’s, most cases after a patient goes under the knife within the next couple of days they are susceptible to devastating infections. Although this did not occur for Nabby, I can not say the same for a large portion of the women during this time. Nabby’s life was severely altered after the procedure though, she was unable to perform her normal day-to-day life and the use of her left arm was completely gone. The surgery completely changed her life for the worse and on August 9th of 1813 at the age of forty-six Nabby Adams passed away. This article completely changed my view on breast cancer. Before reading the article I was under the impression that breast cancer today was not a very dangerous cancer and was easily curable as long as you caught it early. I would see the pink cleats, gloves, and mouthpieces in the NFL games and just think that it was mainly for show. But after seeing that 50,000 women die from breast cancer each year in our day and age made me realize that that is not the case and that number was even more devastating during the 1800’s. Cancer is a disease that is affecting our community daily. This article shows that it doesn’t matter who are, if your parents are the founders of our country or not, anyone can get cancer. I would say that the article was definitely worth reading, it gave me significant insight on how breast cancer affected women in the 1800’s.

Teaching Plan

CLINICAL TEACHING PLAN Name: Course and Year: BSN 3-A Class Schedule: Monday, Tuesday & Wednesday Instructor: Date of Submission: Oct. , 2011 A) Description of Learners The learners are BSN Level 3 students. The average age range is from 18- 20 years old, single and full- time students. Enrolled and registered in the said college school. The new curriculum requires them to report three days in school and three days in the clinical area for their RLE or practicum requirements following the 3/3 plan. Their exposure to the Clinical Area will enable them to practice their skills in the art and practice of rendering appropriate nursing care and intervention. To apply, practice, and enhance of what they learn in school during the return demonstration session. To help their patients become independent in health care and/ or maintenance and rehabilitation, whatever the case may be. To teach patients regarding in health teaching on how tom prevent illness and how to promote health. B) Focus of Clinical Experience Nursing care of clients who are confined in Pedia Ward who have different cases. Most belong to the lower income level. C) Setting The Pedia Ward is located beside the Nurse’s Station. It has a 10 bed capacity. D) Briefing or Orientation a) Discuss and explain the learning objectives of the RLE in the Pedia Ward. b) Discuss the requirements and specific activities during the duty hour. c) Receive the endorsement from the outgoing shift. d) Explain the nature of the evaluation and grading system as follows: i. Psychomotor: 50% * Assessment 10% * Planning and Implementation 30% Evaluation 10% ii. Affective: Attitude/ Professionalism 20% * Is neat and well- groomed 5% * Observes punctuality in all activities 5% * Is reliable, dependable and resourceful 5% * Shows composure in handling emergency/ Crisis situations 5% iii. Cognitive: Cognitive Knowledge 30% TOTAL: 100% SCHEDULE OF ACTIVITIES FIRST WEEK TIME| 1| 2| 3| :00- 8:00| Devotional (RTMDH)| Devotional (RTMDH)| Devotional (RTMDH)| 8:00- 9:00| Receive Endorsement| Receive Endorsement/| Receive Endorsement| 9:00- 10:00| Ward Orientation and Rounds| Bedside care/ Preparation of medication | Bedside care/preparation of medication| 10:00-10:30| First batch (5students)| 10:30-11:00| Second batch (6 students)| 11:00-12:00| Vital signs taking/Measuring of intake and output/Charting and Graphing| Vital signs taking / Measuring of input and output/Giving of medication| Vital signs taking/ Giving of medication/ Charting and Graphing| 12:00-1:30| Reporting| Group Discussion| Evaluation f Week Performance| 2:00- 3:30| Endorsement| Endorsement| Endorsement| 3:30- 4:00| Travel time| Travel time| Travel time| Days TIME| 4| 5| 6| 7:00- 8:00| Devotional (RTMDH)| Devotional (RTMDH)| Devotional (RTMDH)| 8:00- 9:00| Receive Endorsement/ Rounds| Receive Endorsement/ Rounds| Receive Endorsement/ Rounds| 9:00- 10:00| Bedside Care/Preparation of Medications | Bedside Care/Preparation of Medications / CBG| Bedside Care/Preparation of Medications | 10:00-10:30| First batch (6 students)| 0:30-11:00| Second bat ch (5 students)| 11:00-12:00| Vital signs taking/ Giving of Medications/ Charting and Graphing| Vital signs taking/Giving of Medication/ Charting and Graphing| Vital signs taking/ Charting and Graphing| 12:00-1:00| Measuring of intake and output | Short Quiz | Measuring of intake and output | 1:00-2:002:00-3:30 | Reporting | Reporting | Reporting | 3:30- 4:00| Travel time| Travel time| Travel time| SECOND WEEK Days THIRD WEEK Days TIME| 7| 8| 9| :00- 8:00| Devotional (RTMDH)| Devotional (RTMDH)| Devotional (RTMDH)| 8:00- 9:00| Receive Endorsement/ Rounds| Receive Endorsement/ Rounds| Receive Endorsement/ Rounds| 9:00- 10:00| Bedside care/ Health Teachings/ Preparation of Medications | Bedside care/ Procedural activities / Preparation of Medications | Bedside care/ Procedural activities/ Preparation of medication| 10:00-10:30| First batch (6 students)| 10:30-11:00| Second batch (5 students)| 1:00-12:00| Vital signs taking/CBG| Vital signs taking/ Giving of medication| Vital signs tak ing/ Giving of medication| 12:00-1:00| measuring of intake and output/Graphing/Charting| Measuring of intake and output Graphing/Charting| Measuring of intake and output/ Graphing/Charting | 1:00-2:002:00-3:30| ReportingEndorsement | ReportingEndorsement | Reporting/evaluationEndorsement | 3:30- 4:00| Travel time| Travel time| Travel time| FOURTH WEEK TIME| 10| 11| 12| 7:00- 8:00| Devotional (RTMDH)| Devotional (RTMDH)| Devotional (RTMDH)| 8:00- 9:00| Receive Endorsement/ Rounds| Receive Endorsement/ Rounds| Receive Endorsement| 9:00- 10:00| Preparation of Medication | Preparation of Medication | Rounds| 10:00-10:30| First batch (5 students)| 10:30-11:00| Second batch (6 students)| 1:00-12:00| Vital signs taking/ Giving medication/CBG| Vital signs taking/ Giving of medication/ Measuring of input and output/CBG| Vital signs taking| 12:00-1:001:00-2:00| Measuring of Intake and Output/ Graphing/ChartingGroup Discussion | Case Study Presentation/ Evaluation of NCP and Drug listPost- test | Final Evaluation of Over- all Performance Distribution of Final grades| 2:00- 3:30| Endorsement| Endorsement| Endorsement| 3:30- 4:00| Travel time| Travel time| Travel time| Days (HEALTH EDUCATION) Submitted by: Mary Angeli P. Balomit BSN 3-A Submitted to: Mrs. Carla Guilaran (Teacher)

Public Opinion and Responding to Crisis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Public Opinion and Responding to Crisis - Essay Example Again, the core needs of the public and the society at large becomes a major factor that influences decision at all school administrative meetings. For example once the call by the public for a morally upright generation keeps going high, the school’s decision on curriculum becomes affected whereby they begin to put in place more subjects and programs that are directed at improving the moral fiber of students (Kowalski, 2007). 2. What is a command center and where should it be located? In a typical school environment, it is important that there exists a central point where all critical information will be channeled to all to whom such information may concern. For instance in the event of a disaster whereby students and staff must run for their lives, it is important that there will be only one central point where command will be issued from. Such a centralized point where commands are issued is what Kowalski (2007) refers to a command center. In explaining where the command ce nter ought to be located, it is important to point out that at all point in time, the command center must be centralized. This means that it should be operated by only one identified outfit. This is important so that in the event of responding to crisis, there will not be inconsistency with commands that are given. Based on this, it is important to point out that the command center must be located in the office of the safety officer, who must be a trained specialist to interpret and attend to crisis. 3. Detail information first responders should receive prior to any crisis. First responders are presumably people who are not very familiar with how to conduct themselves in the event of any major crisis. For this reason, it is very important that the kind of information that is given to them in the event of a crisis become one that is very precise and in-depth. Without this, it is possible that these first responders would not know the right actions to take with reference to the inform ation they receive. Regarding the precision of the information, it is important that the first respondent be made aware of the kind of crisis that is at hand. The first respondent must also know the scope of risk involved in the crisis. More importantly, the information must clearly state out the rescue or safety processes. Prior to any crisis, there is the tendency that the emotions of respondents will raise. Some of these emotions will be characterized with fear and panic. It is therefore important also that the information given to first respondents become one that will take into consideration the psychological wellness of the respondents. 4. Respond appropriately to the following â€Å"Difficult Questions† as the school’s principal: a. Do you think the parents are being unreasonable? No b. What is your personal opinion? They are only expressing their concern and sometimes ignorance towards the welfare of their wards. c. Why do you think the superintendent decided t o do that? The superintendent was only trying to make the stipulated regulations work while ensuring that major protocols and bureaucracies surrounding the response to crisis were not broken. d. What is the overall annual budget for t

Business Sustainability Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Business Sustainability - Assignment Example The three factors work together with the aim of creating an excellent working environment and exciting experience (Edi.com). The factors also enable an organization to work through the day to day challenges that the business faces. As a result, the team achieves its goals and objectives. Therefore, this creates a possibility for growth and expansion. The factors that influence the social environment of a business include job satisfaction, teamwork, leadership and customers among other factors. Teamwork revolves around the cooperation of employees in the workplace. The interaction of individuals tends to create a suitable working environment for the business. The science of working together as a team results in the reduction of competition among individuals. Information sharing takes place, and the benefits employees of each and every person considered (Global market analysis). The benefits result from sharing ideas and information, and this boosts the morale of workers. Good managers always ensure that the employees work together as a team. They carry out particular programs that make teamwork motivate employees. The conducive working environment created as a result of partnership increases the reputation of the enterprise (Ananthan). The culture of a company encompasses on a lot. In most companies, culture mainly relates to how managers treat and relate to their employees (Trompenaar). The culture of any given society dictates how the employees and the customers get treated. Companies that punish their employees more than the way in which they reward them create fear among the employees. The workers lack the morale of working. The way in which a customer gets treated speaks a lot for the organization. The customers are great assets in the body, and excellent treatment of the customers improves the reputation of the business. The culture of a group that emphasizes more on rewarding and treating the employees well enhances the relationship

Civil Engineering Management Portfolio Assignment

Civil Engineering Management Portfolio - Assignment Example Construction has a long history, almost parallel to the development of civilization. Across the globe, construction is the biggest industry which is churning billions of dollars every year and providing employment to a large workforce - skilled as well as unskilled. As far as the UK is concerned, its output is worth over 100bn a year. It accounts for 8% of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and provides employment for around 3 million workers (Vadera, Shriti and Woolas, Phil et al. 2008). Civil Engineering and the associated sub-disciplines are changing rapidly as a result of technology enhancements, growing concerns on local & global environment problems & commitment required to the ecosystem and the overall management system & quality control procedures that collectively comprise of the management portfolio of the profession. The job of a Civil Engineering Project Manager is no longer planning & execution of construction projects but is also linked with commitment to local & global envir onment, the local ecosystem, the society and the overall safety of the infrastructure from the perspective of the workers and the end users. The Management Portfolio thus needs to include all these responsibilities and organized to form an organization structure that can effectively deliver as per all such requirements. The local special interest groups and the legal & statutory system of the nation carry lot of influence on the projects and hence they need to be satisfied effectively by sending to them regular updates & reports and allowing them to audit the proceedings as and when demanded. Hence, every project is expected to comprise of the following management challenges: (a) Health & Safety

Forced Drug Testing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Forced Drug Testing - Essay Example Thu the philosophy of testing pretrial arrestees for drug tests was introduced. However, the drawbacks to drug testing are far beyond its merits. The biggest problem is the difficulty with which they are implemented and the costs these tests produce (Visher). Tax-payers need to know that their hard-earned money is going into an investment that will reap suitable rewards. If the justice system enforces these tests, they have little or no proof that the ideology behind them is proving to be effective. These tests and their costs will only gain full approval when they show statistics lowering crime which should show the success of these drug tests. There is also the belief that those who were tested for drugs the first time were actually better fits in society than repeated offenders who always tested negative for drugs (Belenko , Mara-Drita , and McElroy 1992). This idea provides proof that no individual can be fully judged on the basis of his drug use. The theory is vital also because most criminals who enter the pretrial drug tests are users and their behavior very rarely if never reflects their crimes The defenders of the drug tests feel it to be a vital solution in improving the justice system.

Homework Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 3

Homework - Research Paper Example The system also helps in management of such factors as differences in exchange rates, language, and culture and therefore promises and enhances capacity in the global set up. The organization also needs ERP system to improve its management initiatives from monitoring processes to control potentials over its processes. The system can also save the organization from efforts and resources for ordinary management of data (Monk and Wagner 2012, p. 36). ERP benefits Bag Co. by ensuring efficiency in data management. The system detects and eliminates duplication of data, a factor that ensures accuracy in data for informed decisions I data application. The organization has also attained a significant level of efficiency from the system’s application because its processes are faster, more accurate and cost effective (Hossain, Patrick, Rashid and Rashid 2002, p. 45). ERP also benefits the organization through integration of factors to the organization’s benefits for eliminated barriers (Monk and Wagner 2012, p. 36). Enterprise Resource Planning has the advantage of facilitated independence across an organization’s department because it avails information from different departments at a centralized place. This has secondary advantages of faster processes that ensure efficient service delivery to customers. The system also offers a competitive advantage over other organization through established efficiency and is an avenue to success in the global environment. The system is however expensive in terms of time and financial resources. The system is also prone information breach and may lead to information loss to competitors (Sudalaimuthu and Raj 2009, p. 364). Integrating SCM and CRM with ERP has the value of improving an organization’s competitive advantage. This is because the integration improves effectiveness of each of the systems and combines the system’s objectives that add different values to an

The Branches of Government Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Branches of Government - Research Paper Example This is inclusive of the president who also cannot function as they please. Other parties in the government also have the right to impose the vote of no confidence on the president. Due to the tendency of many governments to usurp power, analysts argue that if left to run governments, a lot of leaders would end up running countries as private businesses. However, Campbell indicates that in the US the case is totally different (2). The constitutional makers of US divided the government into sections that would specialize in formulating laws, another section that would implement the laws formulated whilst the last the section would see administration of justice in the country. The Congress was mandated to be the law makers in the government whilst the president through the backup from the departments and agencies in the executive arm of the government to put in force the laws put in place. In line to this proposition, it is justified to argue that the president heads the non elected members of the government. It is also vital to note the establishment of the Supreme Court by the judicial authorities (Campbell, 111). This clearly aided in the checking the systems put in place in the government. The states and the citizens also have their administration authorities through the state governmental units present in all states. This is referred to as the governmental units that are legally authorized to operate within their jurisdiction. Of essence, the Executive that comprises of the president, vice president and cabinet members plays the role of ensuring that the daily operations of the country function effectively, such collection of duties, representation of the country in international forums, and safeguarding the country’s security amongst others (Campbell, 25). The Legislature, which comprises of the congress make up laws, and ensures

Contextual analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Contextual analysis - Essay Example In other words, the film investigated how fast the public can be changed from a democratic ideological society to a tyrannical one in understanding the real effects strong fascist ideologies and their implications. Therefore, the film successful portrayed the gullibility of the citizen in following fascist ideologies blindingly to satisfy a certain ego, which results to cultivation of tyrannical regimes with grave consequences and unstoppable force that goes beyond the intended limits. Jin (631) narrates the tale of Mr. Chiu and his bride while merry making, a staunch policeman due to his power and authority finds it necessary to take on Chiu perhaps to irritate him, and cause a scene that would be blamed on Chiu. The policeman threw a bowl of tea to the couple, wetting their shoes upon which Chiu finds it necessary to complain. Though reminding the policeman that they had a duty to protect and keep law, the policeman takes this as a threat and with a wave, he commands his young fell ows to arrest Chiu, handcuff him, and even threatened him with pistol. Importantly, a crowd of people gathering around the scene did not raise any objection, though they were in the hotel which Chiu was being accused of breaching law and order. The effects were that the young fellows unquestionably arrested Chiu, handcuffed him just by order and took him to the headquarters. They even punched Chiu on the chest when he refused to cooperate. This excerpt from the book clearly illustrates the sentiments of fascism being illustrated in the film Die Welle. It is about the authority of a leader to use their influence in spreading an ideology that is unquestioned, but has to be acted upon, with the citizens embracing the same ideology blindly to play the game of their leader. Reiner in Die Welle is assigned to teach the autocracy type of governance in a German school. To ensure the students understand what autocracy is all about, Reiner decides to make students participate in a form of aut ocracy. Therefore, Reiner first assigns himself a name, which reflects power and control, and being the ultimate leader who has to set the pace, with others to follow. In this case Reiner sets to play as a dictatorial demagogue and is ready to promote fascist ideas to his subjects. Similar to any fascist leaders, sign language is of utmost importance and Reiner has to embrace one. Like the policeman whose wave of hand is powerful enough to cause his juniors to arrest Chin unquestionably (Jin, 631), Reiner designs his code of signs as standing up while speaking and raising their hands. The fundamental fictions of politics is the formation of a â€Å"people, an aggregation of human beings distinguishable from other aggregates of human beings and capable of being organized into a political unit; an â€Å"us† that separates them from the â€Å"them† (Anonymous, 108). Similarly, the gestures and unique communication formulated by Reiner such as standing up while talking, r aising hand when talking or even waving are elements used to construct similar characteristics of a distinct group of people from the rest in the a society. They have to understand one another as belonging to a group through their sign languages, which makes them to identify one another much easier from a crowd. These are the typical characteristics of a fascist regime. Moreover Reiner introduces a uniform of white shirts or skirts and black shorts,

12 Angry Men Movie Analysis Essay Example for Free

12 Angry Men Movie Analysis Essay After the jurors go to the meeting room to discuss and arrive at consensus whether the young boy is guilty or not, we get to see different personalities combined to form a group to resolve the issue. Initially 11 out of 12 jurors voted in favour of boy being guilty. Therefore, first prominent thing I noticed was that there was lack of conviction about the criticality of the issue. People had already formed their judgement before they stepped into the meeting room. They believed the testimonies of several eyewitnesses and the arguments of the prosecutor leading to the conclusion that the boy was guilty. In the beginning, 11 out of 12 jurors were not sensitive about the seriousness of the decision they were going to make and the impact it was going to have on the young boy’s life. They were not ready to waste any time over discussing that issue because they had already perceived the young boy guilty based on his background and crimes he committed before as well as the jurors’ previous experiences in life. See more:Â  Manifest Destiny essay When the protagonist in the movie showed opposition to agree the boy’s guilt, then the rest of the people became frustrated since they had to come to consensus to give a judgement. This showed the conviction and thoughtfulness of the protagonist to the criticality of their objective as jurors. It was also evident that being a minority does not mean you have to go majority’s way under the influence or pressure of majority against your wish. After listening to the protagonist, juror started changing their original guilty decision one by one. This showed their willingness to change their stance having been convinced by the protagonist’s logic. Protagonist stuck to the practicality of the situation and logic in order to bring the possible flaws in the testimonies of the eye witnesses by reproducing the situations and verifying the possibility of authenticity of the testimony. In doing so, he influenced the members of the group that there are lacunae in the testimonies, and the benefit of doubt needs to be given to the boy when it is a matter of his life and death. The various people in the group started applying their mind and making sense of the possible flaws in the testimonies. Many started to pitch in their ideas and the protagonist was listening to them all and using them to strengthen his hypothesis of uncertainty about boy being guilty. Now they started utilizing the resources in the group to make the most informed decision. The group dynamics was at work the best. They were supplementing each other’s logic by their own logic in order to make a conclusion of the veracity of the evidence and its testimony. There were a couple of aggressive people in the group. When one of them lashed out at the old man in the group, another person intervened and warned him not to repeat insulting behaviour. Thus, along the way the group stated forming norms about the behaviour in the group. Also, when one man changed his judgement just for the sake of it in order to come to consensus sooner than later, then another person made it a point to him by saying that he needed to present his logic for changing his decision and he did not want to accept his ‘yes’ or ‘no’ just for the sake of it. Some people engaged themselves in social loafing without regard to the seriousness of the objective; they were reminded of the objective by others. Last person son left so he was seeing his son in the young boy.

Delta Modulation And Demodulation Computer Science Essay

Delta Modulation And Demodulation Computer Science Essay A modem to improve communication system performance that uses multiple modulation scheme comprising modulation technique and encoder combinations. As communication system performance and objective change, different modulation schemes may be selected. Modulation schemes may also be selected upon the communication channel scattering function estimate and the modem estimates the channel scattering function from measurements of the channels frequency (Doppler) and time (multipath) spreading characteristics. An Adaptive sigma delta modulation and demodulation technique, wherein a quantizer step size is adapted based on estimates of an input signal to the quantizer, rather than on estimates of an input signal to the modulator. A technique for digital conferencing of voice signals in systems using adaptive delta modulation (ADM) with an idle pattern of alternating 1s and 0s has been described. Based on majority logic, it permits distortion-free reception of voice of a single active subscriber by all the other subscribers in the conference. Distortion exists when more than one subscriber is active and the extent of this distortion depends upon the type of ADM algorithm that has been used. An LSI oriented system based on time sharing of a common circuit by a number of channels has been implemented and tested. This technique, with only minor changes in circuitry, handles ADM channels that have idle patterns different from alternating single 1s and 0s. This method used for noise reduction. The modulator factor does not require a large amount of data to be represented. Representation is based upon a frequency domain function having particular characteristics. A preferred embodiment of the invention incorporates transform or sub band filtered signals which are transmitted as a modulated analog representation of a local region of a video signal. The modulation factor reflects the particular characteristic. Side information specifies the modulation factor 1.2. Aim: Digital techniques to wirelessly communicate voice information. Wireless environments are inherently noisy, so the voice coding scheme chosen for such an application must be robust in the presence of bit errors. Pulse Coded Modulation (PCM) and its derivatives are commonly used in wireless consumer products for their compromise between voice quality and implementation cost. Adaptive Delta Modulation (ADM) is another voice coding scheme, a mature technique that should be considered for these applications because of its bit error robustness and its low implementation cost. Bandpass modulation techniques encode information as the amplitude, fre ­quency, phase, or phase and amplitude of a sinusoidal carrier. These band ­pass modulation schemes are known by their acronyms ASK (amplitude shift keying), FSK (frequency shift keying), PSK (phase shift keying), and QAM (qua ­ternary amplitude modulation), where keying or modulation is used to indicate that a carrier signal is modified in some manner. The carrier is a sinusoidal signal that is initially devoid of any information. The purpose of the carrier is to translate essentially a baseband information signal to a frequency and wavelength that can be sent with a guided or propagating electro ­magnetic (EM) wave. Bandpass ASK is similar to baseband pulse amplitude modulation (PAM) in Chapter 2, Baseband Modulation and Demodulation, but FSK, PSK, and DM are new non-linear modulation techniques. ASK, FSK, and PSK can be readily extended to multiple level (M-ary) signaling and demodulated coherently or non-coherently. The optimum receiver for bandpass symmetrical or asymmetrical sig ­nals is the correlation receiver, which is developed for baseband signals in Chapter 2. Coherent demodulation uses a reference signal with the same frequency and phase as the received signal. No coherent demodulation of bandpass signaling may use differential encoding of the information to derive the reference signal in the correlation receiver. The observed bit error rate (BER) for a single, in a MATLAB simulation for several bandpass digital communication systems with coherent and non coherent correlation receivers is compared to the theoretical probability of bit error (Pb). Digital communication systems are subject to performance degrada ­tions with additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN). MATLAB simulations of bandpass communication systems are used to investigate the effect upon BER of the performance of the correlation receiver, the reduction in BER with Gray-coding of M-ary data, and binary and quaternary differential signaling. MATLAB simulations of such bandpass digital communication systems and investigations of their characteristics and performance are provided here. These simulations confirm the theoretical expectation for Pb and are the starting point for the what-ifs of bandpass digital communication system design. Finally, the constellation plot depicts the demodulated in-phase and quadra ­ture signals of complex modulation schemes in the presence of AWGN. The opti ­mum decision regions are shown, and the observed BER performance of the bandpass digital communication system can be qualitatively assessed. Delta Modulation: Delta modulation is also abbreviated as DM or Ά-modulation. It is a technique of conversion from an analog-to-digital and digital-to-analog signal. If we want to transmit the voice we use this technique. In this technique we do not give that much of importance to the quality of the voice. DM is nothing but the simplest form of differential pulse-code modulation (DPCM). But there is some difference between these two techniques. In DPCM technique the successive samples are encoded into streams of n-bit data. But in delta modulation, the transmitted data is reduced to a 1-bit data stream. Main features: * The analog signal is similar as a series of segments. * To find the increase or decrease in relative amplitude, we should compare each and every segment of the approximated signal with the original analog wave. * By this comparison of original and approximated analog waves we can determine the successive bits for establishing. * only the change of information is sent, that is, only an increase or decrease of the signal amplitude from the previous sample is sent whereas a no-change condition causes the modulated signal to remain at the same 0 or 1 state of the previous sample. By using oversampling techniques in delta modulation we can get large high signal-to-noise ratio. That means the analog signal is sampled at multiple higher than the Nyquist rate. Principle In delta modulation, it quantizes the difference between the current and the previous step rather than the absolute value quantization of the input analog waveform, which is shown in fig 1. Fig. 1 Block diagram of a Ά-modulator/demodulator The quantizer of the delta modulator converts the difference between the input signal and the average of the previous steps. The quantizer is measured by a comparator with reference to 0 (in 2- level quantizer), and its output is either 1 or 0. 1 means input signal is positive and 0 means negative. It is also called as a bit-quantizer because it quantizes only one bit at a time. The output of the demodulator rises or falls because it is nothing but an Integrator circuit. If 1 received means the output raises and if 0 received means output falls. The integrator internally has a low-pass filter it self. Transfer Characteristics A signum function is followed by the delta modulator for the transfer characteristics. It quantizes only levels of two number and also for at a time only one-bit. Output signal power In delta modulation amplitude it is does not matter that there is no objection on the amplitude of the signal waveform, due to there is any fixed number of levels. In addition to, there is no limitation on the slope of the signal waveform in delta modulation. We can observe whether a slope is overload if so it can be avoided. However, in transmitted signal there is no limit to change. The signal waveform changes gradually. Bit-rate The interference is due to possibility of in either DM or PCM is due to limited bandwidth in communication channel. Because of the above reason DM and PCM operates at same bit-rate. Noise in Communication Systems Noise is probably the only topic in electronics and telecommunications with which every-one must be familiar, no matter what his or her specialization. Electrical disturbances interfere with signals, producing noise. It is ever present and limits the performance of most systems. Measuring it is very contentious almost everybody has a different method of quantifying noise and its effects. Noise may be defined, in electrical terms, as any unwanted introduction of energy tending to interfere with the proper reception and reproduction of transmitted signals. Many disturbances of an electrical nature produce noise in receivers, modifying the signal in an unwanted manner. In radio receivers, noise may produce hiss in the loudspeaker output. In television receivers snow, or confetti (colored snow) becomes superimposed on the picture. In pulse communications systems, noise may produce unwanted pulses or perhaps cancel out the wanted ones. It may cause serious mathematical errors. Noise can l imit the range of systems, for a given transmitted power. It affects the sensitivity of receivers, by placing a limit on the weakest signals that can be amplified. It may sometimes even force a reduction in the bandwidth of a system. Noise is unwanted electrical or electromagnetic energy that degrades the quality of signals and data. Noise occurs in digital and analog systems, and can affect files and communications of all types, including text, programs, images, audio, and telemetry. In a hard-wired circuit such as a telephone-line-based Internet hookup, external noise is picked up from appliances in the vicinity, from electrical transformers, from the atmosphere, and even from outer space. Normally this noise is of little or no consequence. However, during severe thunderstorms, or in locations were many electrical appliances are in use, external noise can affect communications. In an Internet hookup it slows down the data transfer rate, because the system must adjust its speed to match conditions on the line. In a voice telephone conversation, noise rarely sounds like anything other than a faint hissing or rushing. Noise is a more significant problem in wireless systems than in hard-wired systems. In general, noise originating from outside the system is inversely proportional to the frequency, and directly proportional to the wavelength. At a low frequency such as 300 kHz, atmospheric and electrical noise are much more severe than at a high frequency like 300 MHz. Noise generated inside wireless receivers, known as internal noise, is less dependent on frequency. Engineers are more concerned about internal noise at high frequencies than at low frequencies, because the less external noise there is, the more significant the internal noise becomes. Communications engineers are constantly striving to develop better ways to deal with noise. The traditional method has been to minimize the signal bandwidth to the greatest possible extent. The less spectrum space a signal occupies, the less noise is passed through the receiving circuitry. However, reducing the bandwidth limits the maximum speed of the data that can be delivered. Another, more recently developed scheme for minimizing the effects of noise is called digital signal processing (DSP). Using fiber optics, a technology far less susceptible to noise, is another approach. Sources of Noise As with all geophysical methods, a variety of noises can contaminate our seismic observations. Because we control the source of the seismic energy, we can control some types of noise. For example, if the noise is random in occurrence, such as some of the types of noise described below, we may be able to minimize its affect on our seismic observations by recording repeated sources all at the same location and averaging the result. Weve already seen the power of averaging in reducing noise in the other geophysical techniques we have looked at. Beware, however, that averaging only works if the noise is random. If it is systematic in some fashion, no amount of averaging will remove it. The noises that plague seismic observations can be lumped into three categories depending on their source.  · Uncontrolled Ground Motion This is the most obvious type of noise. Anything that causes the ground to move, other than your source, will generate noise. As you would expect, there could be a wid e variety of sources for this type of noise. These would include traffic traveling down a road, running engines and equipment, and people walking. Other sources that you might not consider include wind, aircraft, and thunder. Wind produces noise in a couple of ways but of concern here is its affect on vegetation. If you are surveying near trees, wind causes the branches of the trees to move, and this movement is transmitted through the trees and into the ground via the trees roots. Aircraft and thunder produce noise by the coupling of ground motion to the sound that we hear produced by each. Adaptive Delta Modulation (ADM) Another type of DM is Adaptive Delta Modulation (ADM). In which the step-size isnt fixed. The step-size becomes progressively larger when slope overload occurs. When quantization error is increasing with expensive the slope error is also reduced by ADM. By using a low pass filter this should be reduced. The basic delta modulator was studied in the experiment entitled Delta modulation. It is implemented by the arrangement shown in block diagram form in Figure Figure: Basic Delta Modulation A large step size was required when sampling those parts of the input waveform of steep slope. But a large step size worsened the granularity of the sampled signal when the waveform being sampled was changing slowly. A small step size is preferred in regions where the message has a small slope. This suggests the need for a controllable step size the control being sensitive to the slope of the sampled signal. This can be implemented by an arrangement such as is illustrated in Figure Fig: An Adaptive Delta Modulator The gain of the amplifier is adjusted in response to a control voltage from the SAMPLER, which signals the onset of slope overload. The step size is proportional to the amplifier gain. This was observed in an earlier experiment. Slope overload is indicated by a succession of output pulses of the same sign. The TIMS SAMPLER monitors the delta modulated signal, and signals when there is no change of polarity over 3 or more successive samples. The actual ADAPTIVE CONTROL signal is +2 volt under normal conditions, and rises to +4 volt when slope overload is detected. The gain of the amplifier, and hence the step size, is made proportional to this Control voltage. Provided the slope overload was only moderate the approximation will catch up with the wave being sampled. The gain will then return to normal until the sampler again falls behind. Comparison of PCM and DM When coming to comparison of Signal-to-noise ratio DM has larger value than signal-to-noise ratio of PCM. Also for an ADM signal-to-noise ratio when compared to Signal-to-noise ratio of companded PCM. Complex coders and decoders are required for powerful PCM. If to increase the resolution we require a large number of bits per sample. There are no memories in Standard PCM systems each sample value is separately encoded into a series of binary digits. An alternative, which overcomes some limitations of PCM, is to use past information in the encoding process. Delta modulation is the one way of doing to perform source coding. The signal is first quantized into discrete levels. For quantization process the step size between adjacent samples should be kept constant. From one level to an adjacent one the signal makes a transition of transmission. After the quantization operation is done, sending a zero for a negative transition and a one for a positive transition the signal transmission is achieved. We can observe from this point that the quantized signal must change at each sampling point. The transmitted bit train would be 111100010111110 for the above case. The demodulator for a delta-modulated signal is nothing but a staircase generator. To increments the staircase in positively a one should be received. For negative increments a zero should be receive. This is done by a low pass filter in general. The main thing for the delta modulation is to make the right choice of step size and sampling period. A term overloading is occurred when a signal changes randomly fast for the steps to follow. The step size and the sampling period are the important parameters. In modern consumer electronics short-range digital voice transmission is used. There are many products which uses digital techniques. Such as cordless telephones, wireless headsets (for mobile and landline telephones), baby monitors are few of the items. This digital techniques used Wirelessly communicate voice information. Due to inherent noise in wireless environments the Voice coding scheme chosen. For such an application the presence of robust bit errors must be. In the presence of bit errors Pulse Coded Modulation (PCM) and its derivatives are commonly used in wireless consumer products. This is due to their compromise between voice quality and implementation cost, but these are not robust schemes. Another important voice coding scheme is Adaptive Delta Modulation (ADM). It is a mature technique for consideration for these types of applications due to its robustness in bit error and its low implementation cost. To quantize the difference between the current sample and the predicted value of the next Sample ADM is used. It uses a variable called step height which is used to adjustment of the prediction value of the next sample. For the reproduction of both slowly and rapidly changing input signals faithfully. In ADM, the representation of each sample is one bit (i.e. 1 or 0). It does not require any data framing for one-bit-per-sample stream to minimizing the workload on the host microcontroller. In any digital wireless application there should be Bit errors. In ideal environment most of the voice coding techniques are provided which are good in quality of audio signals. The main thing is to provide good audio signals in everyday environment, there may be a presence of bit errors. For different voice coding methods and input signals the traditional performance metrics (e.g. SNR) does not measure accurately in audio quality. . Mean Opinion Score (MOS) testing is the main important parameter which overcomes the limitations of other metrics by successfully in audio quality. For audio quality the MOS testing is used. It is a scale of 1 to 5 which tells the audio quality status. In there 1 represents very less (bad) speech quality and 5 represents excellent speech quality. A toll quality speech has a MOS score of 4 or higher than it. The audio quality of a traditional telephone call has same MOS value as above. The below graphs shows the relationship between MOS scores and bit errors for three of the most common voice coding schemes. Those are CVSD, ÃŽÂ ¼-law PCM, and ADPCM. A continuously Variable Slope Delta (CVSD) coding is a member of the ADM family in voice coding schemes. The below graph shows the resulted audio quality (i.e. MOS score). All three schemes explain the number of bit errors. As the no of bit errors increases the graph indicates that ADM (CVSD) sounds better than the other schemes which are also increase. In an ADM design error detection and correction typically are not used because ADM provides poor performance in the presence of bit errors. This leads to reduction in host processor workload (allowing a low-cost processor to be used). The superior noise immunity significantly reduced for wireless applications in voice coding method. The ADM is supported strongly by workload for the host processor. The following example shows the benefits of ADM for wireless applications and is demonstrated. For a complete wireless voice product this low-power design is used which includes all of the building blocks, small form-factor, including the necessary items. ADM voice codec Microcontroller RF transceiver Power supply including rechargeable battery Microphone, speaker, amplifiers, etc. Schematics, board layout files, and microcontroller code written in C. Delta modulation (DM) may be viewed as a simplified form of DPCM in which a two level (1-bit) quantizer is used in conjunction with a fixed first-order predictor. The block diagram of a DM encoder-decoder is shown below.   The dm_demo shows the use of Delta Modulation to approximate input sine wave signal and a speech signal that were sampled at 2 KHz and 44 KHz, respectively. The source code file of the MATLAB code and the out put can be viewed using MATLAB. Notice that the approximated value follows the input value much closer when the sampling rate is higher. You may test this by changing sampling frequency, fs, value for sine wave in dm_demo file. Since DM (Delta Modulator) approximate a waveform Sa(t) by a linear staircase function, the waveform Sa(t) must change slowly relative to the sampling rate. This requirement implies that waveform Sa(t) must be oversampled, i.e., at least five times the Nyquist rate. Oversampling means that the signal is sampled faster than is necessary. In the case of Delta Modulation this means that the sampling rate will be much higher than the minimum rate of twice the bandwidth. Delta Modulation requires oversampling in order to obtain an accurate prediction of the next input. Since each encoded sample contains a relatively small amount of information Delta Modulation systems require higher sampling rates than PCM systems. At any given sampling rate, two types of distortion, as shown below limit the performance of the DM encoder.   Slope overload distortion: This type of distortion is due to the use of a step size delta that is too small to follow portions of the waveform that have a steep slope. It can be reduced by increasing the step size. Granular noise: This results from using a step size that is too large too large in parts of the waveform having a small slope. Granular noise can be reduced by decreasing the step size. Even for an optimized step size, the performance of the DM encoder may still be less satisfactory. An alternative solution is to employ a variable step size that adapts itself to the short-term characteristics of the source signal. That is the step size is increased when the waveform has a step slope and decreased when the waveform has a relatively small slope. This strategy is called adaptive DM (ADM). Block Diagram Adaptive Delta Modulation for Audio Signals: While transmitting speech for e.g. telephony the transfer rate should be kept as small as possible to save bandwidth because of economic reason. For this purpose Delta Modulation, adaptive Delta modulation, Differential Pulse-Code modulation is used to compress the data. In this different kind of Delta modulations and Differential Pulse Code modulations (DPCM) were realized to compress audio data. At first the principal of compressing audio data are explained, which the modulations based on. Mathematical equations (e.g. Auto Correlation) and algorithm (LD recursion) are used to develop solutions. Based on the mathematics and principals Simulink models were implemented for the Delta modulation, Adaptive Delta modulation as well as for the adaptive Differential Pulse Code modulation. The theories were verified by applying measured signals on these models. Signal-to-noise ratio Signal-to-noise ratio (often abbreviated SNR or S/N) is an electrical engineering measurement, also used in other fields (such as scientific measurement or biological cell signaling), defined as the ratio of a signal power to the noise power corrupting the signal. A ratio higher than 1:1 indicates more signal than noise. In less technical terms, signal-to-noise ratio compares the level of a desired signal (such as music) to the level of background noise. The higher the ratio, the less obtrusive the background noise is. In engineering, signal-to-noise ratio is a term for the power ratio between a signal (meaningful information) and the background noise: where P is average power. Both signal and noise power must be measured at the same and equivalent points in a system, and within the same system bandwidth. If the signal and the noise are measured across the same impedance, then the SNR can be obtained by calculating the square of the amplitude ratio: where A is root mean square (RMS) amplitude (for example, typically, RMS voltage). Because many signals have a very wide dynamic range, SNRs are usually expressed in terms of the logarithmic decibel scale. In decibels, the SNR is, by definition, 10 times the logarithm of the power ratio: Cutoff rate For any given system of coding and decoding, there exists what is known as a cutoff rate R0, typically corresponding to an Eb/N0 about 2 dB above the Shannon capacity limit. The cutoff rate used to be thought of as the limit on practical error correction codes without an unbounded increase in processing complexity, but has been rendered largely obsolete by the more recent discovery of turbo codes. Bit error rate In digital transmission, the bit error rate or bit error ratio (BER) is the number of received binary bits that have been altered due to noise and interference, divided by the total number of transferred bits during a studied time interval. BER is a unit less performance measure, often expressed as a percentage number. As an example, assume this transmitted bit sequence: 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1, And the following received bit sequence: 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1, The BER is in these case 3 incorrect bits (underlined) divided by 10 transferred bits, resulting in a BER of 0.3 or 30%. The bit error probability pe is the expectation value of the BER. The BER can be considered as an approximate estimate of the bit error probability. The approximation is accurate for a long studied time interval and a high number of bit errors. Factors affecting the BER In a communication system, the receiver side BER may be affected by transmission channel noise, interference, distortion, bit synchronization problems, attenuation, wireless multipath fading, etc. The BER may be improved by choosing a strong signal strength (unless this causes cross-talk and more bit errors), by choosing a slow and robust modulation scheme or line coding scheme, and by applying channel coding schemes such as redundant forward error correction codes. The transmission BER is the number of detected bits that are incorrect before error correction, divided by the total number of transferred bits (including redundant error codes). The information BER, approximately equal to the decoding error probability, is the number of decoded bits that remain incorrect after the error correction, divided by the total number of decoded bits (the useful information). Normally the transmission BER is larger than the information BER. The information BER is affected by the strength of the forward error correction code. CHAPTER II Pulse-code modulation: Pulse-code modulation (PCM) is a method used to digitally represent sampled analog signals, which was invented by Alec Reeves in 1937. It is the standard form for digital audio in computers and various Compact Disc and DVD formats, as well as other uses such as digital telephone systems. A PCM stream is a digital representation of an analog signal, in which the magnitude of the analogue signal is sampled regularly at uniform intervals, with each sample being quantized to the nearest value within a range of digital steps. PCM streams have two basic properties that determine their fidelity to the original analog signal: the sampling rate, which is the number of times per second that samples are taken; and the bit-depth, which determines the number of possible digital values that each sample can take. Digitization as part of the PCM process In conventional PCM, the analog signal may be processed (e.g. by amplitude compression) before being digitized. Once the signal is digitized, the PCM signal is usually subjected to further processing (e.g. digital data compression). PCM with linear quantization is known as Linear PCM (LPCM). Some forms of PCM combine signal processing with coding. Older versions of these systems applied the processing in the analog domain as part of the A/D process; newer implementations do so in the digital domain. These simple techniques have been largely rendered obsolete by modern transform-based audio compression techniques. * DPCM encodes the PCM values as differences between the current and the predicted value. An algorithm predicts the next sample based on the previous samples, and the encoder stores only the difference between this prediction and the actual value. If the prediction is reasonable, fewer bits can be used to represent the same information. For audio, this type of encoding reduces the number of bits required per sample by about 25% compared to PCM. * Adaptive DPCM (ADPCM) is a variant of DPCM that varies the size of the quantization step, to allow further reduction of the required bandwidth for a given signal-to-noise ratio. * Delta modulation is a form of DPCM which uses one bit per sample. In telephony, a standard audio signal for a single phone call is encoded as 8000 analog samples per second, of 8 bits each, giving a 64 kbit/s digital signal known as DS0. The default signal compression encoding on a DS0 is either ÃŽÂ ¼-law (mu-law) PCM (North America and Japan) or A-law PCM (Europe and most of the rest of the world). These are logarithmic compression systems where a 12 or 13-bit linear PCM sample number is mapped into an 8-bit value. This system is described by international standard G.711. An alternative proposal for a floating point representation, with 5-bit mantissa and 3-bit radix, was abandoned. Where circuit costs are high and loss of voice quality is acceptable, it sometimes makes sense to compress the voice signal even further. An ADPCM algorithm is used to map a series of 8-bit  µ-law or A-law PCM samples into a series of 4-bit ADPCM samples. In this way, the capacity of the line is doubled. The technique is detailed in the G.726 standard. Later it was found that even further compression was possible and additional standards were published. Pulse code modulation (PCM) data are transmitted as a serial bit stream of binary-coded time-division multiplexed words. When PCM is transmitted, pre modulation filtering shall be used to confine the radiated RF spectrum. These standards define pulse train structure and system design characteristics for the implementation of PCM telemetry formats. Class Distinctions and Bit-Oriented Characteristics The PCM formats are divided into two classes for reference. Serial bit stream characteristics are described below prior to frame and word orient

Bullying in School Essay -- essays research papers fc

It was a bright sunny Saturday morning. All the neighborhood children were playing soccer at the homeowners’ picnic. There was a new kid on the block; a quiet fellow by name of Mustafa. I saw him sitting with him mother the whole time. He never came to play with the other children. I automatically termed him a ‘mama’s boy’. So I invited him to play with us. At first he refused. Ultimately him mother convinced to come and play with us and that we were really harmless and that it would be really good for him. What nobody else knew was that I did not invite him to play because I wanted to play with him. I only wanted to make fun of him, and for that I needed him to leave his mother’s lap. As soon as he came to play I started to make fun of him. On hearing what I had to say about the innocent kid, all the others joined in teasing him. It was the first time that boy had come to play with us and we made him cry. Now the nickname ‘glue Mustafa’ (because he was always glued to his mother) stayed with him for a very long time. Eventually he got fed up. He told the other kids and me on many occasions to stop teasing him. He could not complain to anybody because nobody thought it was really that bad. And so he decided to take matters into his own hands. He figured that the only way he could defend himself was to be part of a gang. And so at the tender age of 14 he was already a part of the ‘Iggypura’. Good morning to you all. I want to tell you about bullying little children in sc...

College Admissions Essay: Losing Preconceptions :: College Admissions Essays

Losing Preconceptions    I never wanted to go to London. My heart was set on studying in Jerusalem even before I came to college, but unfortunately the unrest in the region made it impossible for me to go. So I applied to London, and had no idea what lay ahead of me. After spending five incredible months in Europe, I realized that my preconceptions and initial disappointment could not have been more incorrect.    My experiences in Europe are too memorable and life changing than can be described in a simple essay for it is the small details that made my adventure so worthwhile. I remember Charles and Vanessa, the South Africans who ran the hotel I lived in across the street from Hyde Park. I remember trying to go on a different guided walk through London every week so as to learn about all parts of the city. I remember going to a concert at the Royal Albert Hall in which the crowd was completely English and nobody in the crowd stood or showed any emotion for the entire duration of the show.    My experiences were certainly not limited to my time in London. While in a beer hall in Munich, I met a young German police officer that has devoted his life to hunting down Neo-Nazis. In a single night, all my stereotypes about the German people were shattered. I can now say with authority that the best gelato in Italy is in a small fishing village called Corniglia, which is part of the Cinque Terre. However, the three hours of hiking previous may have helped the taste. I can also now say with authority that time seems to stand still while sitting on the park bench at the Park Guell in Barcelona, looking down on the city and the Mediterranean Sea below.    There are countless numbers of these experiences, but what they amount to is that not all learning comes in a classroom. While one can read about Roman civilization in a textbook, the history comes alive while walking through the Roman Forum. One can sit in a lecture about the royal history of England, but it is not the same as walking through the Tower of London.

Oscar Mayer Case Study

1. ) At first, Marcus McGraw found the challenge so complex and saw it a difficult task because he had not sat down to put down the ideas on paper and evaluate the situation carefully. He was just thinking of the difficult task ahead and not how to assail the problem. He was missing parts of the puzzle, he was not evaluating anything as yet or trying to formulate or implement any strategy. He had no option, no solution immediately after he read the McTiernan report. He had not done any ‘strategic planning’ thus, his perspective was different than after he had read the memos.After reading the memos from his colleagues, he realized that he could count on them since they had great ideas and were persons with great capability for these types of concerns and issues, especially when he read the one of his long time colleague and friend. McGraw pursues that decision making process of gathering information, generating ideas, looking at the ‘pros and cons’ of the sit uation that Oscar Mayer faces through his associates. He follows them and his mind guides him knowing that he can trust on his department managers. Marcus McGraw purses a decision making that is unbiased.He does not go for just one department; he follows all four managers. He was unbiased in this way and was a good strategy as well since the managers have that market-driven strategy which is healthy for the firm. They are well market-oriented and are able to distinguish the capabilities of Oscar Mayer just as they are able to match the customer value requirements to capabilities. They were cognizant that the market is more competitive, they also pointed out that introducing new lines of product could bring prosperity to Oscar Mayer, which is one of the suggestions that McTiernan had brought up.Therefore, McGraw’s decision making process of taking the ideas of all four managers was a wise one. 2. ) If McGraw chooses the favors of only one department then he is risking all othe r departments. In a business you cannot only favor and invest in one department only. All departments are important components for success of the business. If you only focus on one department, then the other departments will eventually collapse thus the company is losing on other areas in the market where profits can be made.This also means that the firm no longer has that diversity in products which reflects negatively on the company. McGraw can mitigate the damage by improving each of the departments so that they become more competitive in the market. He could also diversify in products just as was recommended by a couple of his managers thus making him a tough competitor on the market if adequately and carefully strategized. He will surely need to invest quite a lot on advertising and promotion which will reduce their profits in the short term; however, they will experience growth and profits in the long-term.As mentioned, once each department is improved and with the right strat egy, Oscar Mayer will benefit and improve the sectors of quality, quantity and price. They have done it before and the can only be better and will concentrate in satisfying consumers’ needs and wants. 3. ) First of all, let’s list the Strengths and Weaknesses. Strengths: Well-known Brand, Technology Skills in R&D, Strong Distribution Channels, Relatively High Market Share, High Profit Margin, Successful History and Product Diversification. Weaknesses: Relatively High Price, Not Healthy (High fat content).Oscar Mayer has a relatively high market share already, and a relatively low market growth. Due to its strengths, it already has a high market share and due to its weakness and the new trend in the market which is looking for products with lower fat (healthier), and lower prices, Oscar Mayer is losing its market growth. This is obviously a great threat to Oscar Mayer in terms of competition since the consumers are now looking for lower prices in those products, as well as healthier meats. This is detrimental to the firm on its entirety as fewer products sold would mean fewer sales which mean less profit.The competition also affects the â€Å"second brand† since the decrease in sale of the Oscar Mayer products also affects Louis Rich as it is looked as a total, thus Louis Rich revenues are compensating for the loss in Oscar Mayer. The investment decision then will change. The objectives are to increase annual production growth over the next three years by 4% in volume. Products will need to be reduced due to the competition so this affects how much to invest in quality and on the outstanding strength on Louis Rich in order to keep up the good record.There is much advertising and promotion to do; therefore they might have to lower the budget figures for this expense if sales decrease. They need to advertise on the already existing products, such as the health aspect of it, as well as on new products that will be produced. Therefore Oscar May er needs to ensure that they can prosper in the competition with all the expense that waits. 4. ) From the four departmental options, Jim Longstreet’s advice seems more viable. Not only was Jim’s advice an effective one, but his ideas also passed McTiernan’s wish for improved convenience.What Jim is doing by this is what is called ‘Differentiation Strategy’. The firm will provide a superior performance product uniquely designed to provide value to their target audience and is well appreciated by them. Oscar Mayer will also use their strengths to make this strategy a successful one. Having used their strong ability of R&D, they are already aware of who the target audience is and what that are looking for. Two products have been designed for their needs which are â€Å"Zappetites† and â€Å"Lunchables. † With this innovation, Oscar Mayer has all the potential and resources to remain the leader.The second best strategy I would say is Jane Morely’s idea. To obtain smaller companies that are competent and provide something Oscar Mayer does not provide is indeed a good strategy. The only disadvantage is that OM would have to increase their debt to acquire these companies not being completely sure if these companies would succeed. Advertising and packaging would also have its cost, however it doesn’t mean it won’t benefit in the longer run. Thos have their benefits; they hold great value when you count on consumer convenience and brand growth.If the companies succeed then automatically there are great sales increases which bring about profit. The least viable would be Rob’s idea of backing Louis Rich. Having all the strengths and the brand name of Oscar Mayer and just letting it go would be not just a waste but a huge loss. OM has had the majority of the company’s profits for a long time and has been the leading brand. For one, LR is increasing but at a slow pace. Then advertisements w ill be a huge expense which of course does not mean that it will increase the volume of sales.Therefore centralizing in just one brand, LR would not be a good idea for Oscar Mayer. 5. ) With the statistics given we can observe that McGraw wants a 15% increase on operating income while the managers are projecting a decrease of 5. 2% from the current year. If McGraw were to keep his A&P budget the same as last years, he would save $32MM over the managers' projections. Therefore,  one solution could be to effectively use the strengths of the product lines and the A;P dollars by consolidating his sub-divisions.The Division Performance table demonstrates exactly where the successes and failures of each sub-division are, and also shows their strengths and weaknesses. We can see that A ; P for Oscar Mayer has been decreasing and operating income increasing slowly. On the other hand, Louis Rich’s A ; P expense has been increasing while operating income has also been increasing by a great difference. This is also a key factor in the success of LR and partly, although not much, why OM has had a decrease in sales.Another factor in the decrease of Oscar Mayer brand is due to consumer trend as well as increased competition in the market. Oscar Mayer has so far opted to lose market share rather than lower its price. Based on the analysis, there is more to lose if  the Oscar Mayer brand is allowed to wilt over the Louis Rich Brand. Giving up on Oscar Mayer would mean losing its well established, well recognized OM brand name and its equity. May be even future profitability may be lost if the trend towards white meat is only a temporary one.This can be seen in  McTiernan's Report on consumer satisfaction survey, in which the red meat out performs in overall taste and compares well with respect to convenience. Therefore, another strategy is to build up the Oscar Mayer Brand, to merge the Louis Rich brand under Oscar Mayer, for example co-brand, and to introduce ne w packaging of their products (e. g. Lunchables and Zappetites), some white and some red meat to recapture the lost  market share. To consolidate the distribution and A&P spending around the Oscar Mayer's well established brand.Actions In accordance  with the above strategy we would suggest that Oscar Mayer and Louis Rich Brand modify and develop an integrated strategy which would require altering the existing branding strategy to accommodate the consumer trends, to extend the product line and to competitively price the OM products. Oscar Mayer needs to also not lose the taste when improving the quality of the product healthier, which is another step that would be taken and at the same time be convenient. By maintaining the quality it already is contributing its part to success.Another strategic goal is to achieve is long term gains and accelerate brand growth. With all this said, we need not to forget to invest in LR in order for the brand to grow as well. 6. ) Of the two produ cts Jim Longstreet suggested, I believe â€Å"Lunchables† is less likely to succeed especially since they are completely new to this product. Unlike Zappetites they had previously done Stuff ‘n Burgers so they do have an idea of how to approach the new product. Zappetites would create certain products that could also be used for lunch by certain consumers who desire hat ready to eat product. Lunchables would be more difficult to succeed due to all the details that a lunch entails and the different wants of the consumers. They are already thinking of packing a chocolate treat with it as well; not everyone eats or likes chocolates. Another issue with Lunchables is the ingredients. Some of the ingredients they would want to use have a short shelf life which would turn away many consumers. We need to keep in mind that everyone is different and have a different taste, many individuals are ‘picky. ’

Education Kills Creativity Essay

Abstract School kills creativity – Ken Robinson In his speech at the TED conference in February 2006, Sir Ken Robinson explains his idea that education is an important and essential part of everyone’s life for the progression and prosperity of a better life for the individual and a better world for humankind. The key to proper education, Robinson explains, is not only the regimented arithmetic, history, and arts; however, more importantly the need to allow for the creative process to rule one’s academic way of thinking. Robinson provides example, upon example of why creativity is not only important to an individual’s maturation and progression in life, but how that creativity ultimately benefits human civilization as a whole. Education Kills Creativity Sir Ken Robinson claims for a reformation of the current creativity retarding worldwide education system. His point of departure is that children are born with huge talents, wasted by the contemporary education system. While children are not afraid of being wrong, school and the ecological system eliminate this attitude. Robinson thinks that this, making mistakes, is the only way to develop new ideas, although getting on in life means not making mistakes. The education system has clearly hindered the development of creativity in today’s society by stunting children’s willingness to make and learn from their mistakes, progressively to a point at which time, as an adult, one is unwilling to make mistakes completely thwarting the creative process. Furthermore Sir Ken Robinson mentions an â€Å"academic inflation† around the world, since conditions for job entrance referring to one’s academic degree are raised(Robinson, 2006). Education, being developed in the 19th century, is a system focused on providing the requirements for a job in the industry and academic ability. Starting from the beginning children are educated to get out of the system with a degree. The education system is geared to push students into higher education levels even if they  don’t want to. This is then enforced and reinforced to a point where highly educated people are going to their professional jobs and coming home to play video games in excess. Robinson points out that the hierarchy of subjects around the world is the same: first comes mathematics and literacy, followed by science and humanities and concluded by dance and the arts. In Robinson’s opinion this is the right order of priorities for a scientific career, but not for people of the future which have to solve the world problems in a more creative way (Robinson, 2006). From birth, before education the main part of our lives, music is implemented. We start from the waist up only to move on to focus on our heads. In the days of our youth music is played and our hips start moving to the beat, the words to the song are irrelevant. Children have a way about them that in any situation they do no t shy away or fear making a mistake because their innocence takes over. A child’s willingness to make a mistake is not that they know what they are doing is necessary wrong, it is that they are doing without shame or fear that they are wrong. Robinson’s example of this was when his son was in a play about baby Jesus’ birth. The three kings’ men were children about the same age as his son, who was four years old at the time. The first king being out of order said to Joseph and Mary, â€Å"I bring you myrrh.† The second king states, â€Å"I bring you Gold.† Lastly the third king says â€Å"Frank sent this,† instead of frankincense (Robinson, 2006). This illustration paints a vivid point, that children have innocence about them that when they are told to do something they do it with no regard to whether it makes sense or not. Children are not frightened that they is a wrong answer. As the years pass and the education levels of learning are more intense, fear then sets into the minds of young adults and children. Whether the child will raise their hand and say the wrong answer, or a student dresses in a manner that is seen as indifferent from the rest. As a child, there is no objectiv e, there is no right and wrong. It is simple living and doing what they are told and putting their own creative spin on life with no intension of impressing anyone. Many students going through the education system show how much thwarting truly does exist. Talented people do not get the sense of achievement, because things they are good at are not valued at school; hence, their high creative potentials are wasted. The students are pressured into the idea or a sense of â€Å"this is how it is supposed to be† when they  graduate from high school levels (Robinson, 2013). They are then persuaded by parents and economy, that in order to be successful they must further their education. This then creates an idea that without education there will be no sense of accomplishment; whereas in the 1950’s a person with a master’s degree teaching education was seen as a rarity. Although education is pushed on students, there are certain students that are different from most. Students that would be qualified under certain standards as having a learning disability or considered as slow. An example from Ken Robinsons speech, is Gillian Lynne, she was a student in the education system and was told she was slower than the rest and th at she had issues with paying attention in class. Gillian’s mother took her to a specialist and expressed all the issues about her daughter as her Gillian sat listening. The doctor advised Gillian that he needed to disgust specifics with her mother outside the room. As he left, he turned the radio on and the two adults waited only a moment peeking in through the glass window pane of the door as Gillian arose to her feet dancing (Robinson, 2006). The specialist then boldly stated your daughter doesn’t have a learning disability she just wants to dance. This is a perfect illustration of how many parents are told one thing and then told another, and also students. Gillian had the most creativity running through her body and mind but without the proper place to be able to express her emotions and actions, she was looked at as different from all the rest of the students. This has become a pattern in children, specialist unlike the one Gillian went to are so quick to say a child has ADHD or Autism instead of finding a different way for that child to express and free the creative mind within them. The education system has hindered the creative mind in society today and in comparison unschooling or otherwise known as home schooling has allowed for great creativity among students. â€Å"There’s no fixed curriculum, course schedule or attempt to mimic traditional classrooms. Unless, of course, their children ask for tho se things† (Italie, 2011). When there is no structure a student can explore the education system on his or her own time with no pressure or the rights and wrongs. John Holt is said to be the founder of unschooling. He was a fifth grade teacher who died in 1985 leaving behind many books about the ideas of unschooling and one book in specific called, How Children Fail. â€Å"The book and others Holt later wrote propelled him into the spotlight as he argued  that mainstream schools stymie the learning process by fostering fear and forcing children to study things they have no interest in.† (Italie) Holt proved that the education system is pressure schools to fulfill high educational standards when students have no interest. Ken Robinson also expressed the same example. To reiterate, educated professional are going to work only to come home and play video games. The school system has a way of killing creativity, in contrast, unschooling allows for other forms of education. Carol Brown is a mother from Colorado, who has choosen to home school her three girls. She did not pressure her children to learn mathematics until they were ready and didn’t force them to read until they wanted too. The Brown household always had art supplies, materials such as books and films as a source of learning. The family would visit beaches, museums and for ests, not only allowing for enjoyable education but also allows for the family to bond (Italie, 2011). Most children are bored when they are in school and this makes for miserable learning conditions. The child either is very antsy or has no drive to learn more. However learning outside of a classroom creates an abundance of freedom and that is an essential to learning. There is no right or wrong to how a child should grow up. â€Å"The real role of leadership in education†¦is not, and should not be, ‘command and control’; the real role of leadership is ‘climate control.’† (Robinson, 2013). The stifling atmosphere of today’s classrooms are stopping our children from becoming the creative adults that the world so desperately needs in order to overcome the obstacles and challenges that humankind is yet to face. Robinson is calling upon the world to change the way we educate our young so that, we, as human civilization stand a chance at solving the problems of the world and advancing society by leaps and bounds. It is time to allow ouSirr children to use their creativity and for us adults to search our inner selves and find our innate creative nature so that we can be the men and women of tomorrow. Works Cited Italie, L. (2011, August 29). ‘Unschooling’ Gaining Popularity, Allows Children Alternative Learning Tools. Retrieved from http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/08/29/unschooling-gaining-popul_n_940770.html Robinson, K. (2006). How schools kill creativity. Retrieved from

Case Problem: Stateline Shipping and Transport Company Essay

Rachel is considering using each of the plant and waste disposal sites as intermediate shipping points. Now, there is a possibility to reduce the transportation coat by utilizing alternative routes. For example, as per the given cost table, cost to transport from Kingsport to Duras is $17. Instead of this route, if we transport first from Kingsport to Macon and then from Macon to Duras the cost is only $15 (4 + 11). We have to recalculate the transportation cost considering all possibilities. For this, we are given transportation costs from various plants to plants and sites to sites in attached MS Excel Spreadsheet. Solve the model you developed in #3 (above) and clearly describe the results. Plants were labeled 1 through 6, waste facilities labeled A through C. Problem was set up in 2 Stages: Stage 1 = shipment from plants to intermediate/final location; Stage 2 = shipment from intermediate to final location. Objective function: Solver add-on solution in MS Excel yielded the following results: 19 bbl of wastes shipped from Kingsport to Macon to Duras, 16 bbl of wastes shipped from Kingsport to Los Canos, 26 bbl of wastes shipped from Danville to Los Canos, 42 bbl of wastes shipped from Macon to Duras,  17 bbl of wastes shipped from Selma to Macon to Duras, 36 bbl of wastes shipped from Selma to Columbus to Whitewater, 29 bbl of wastes shipped from Columbus to Whitewater, 38 bbl of wastes shipped from Allentown to Danville to Los Canos. Total Cost = $2,630 Interpret the results and draw conclusions that address the question posed in the case problem. What are the limits of the study? Write at least one paragraph. The results show that Rachel can save some dollars per week. Rachel can save by using a few routes that involve intermediate points. An example would be  17 bbl of wastes shipped from Selma to Macon to Duras. The cost analysis fails to consider the actual physical risks of dealing with potentially hazardous industrial waste if there is spillage. The dropping off and picking up of waste at intermediate sites may cause a time delay, which may impact the risk of the waste becoming a potential hazard. Also, the additional handling of the waste associated with loading and unloading at intermediate sites may cause increased risk of a problem. Even though Polychem has agreed to handle the wastes at no additional cost, there may be additional risk that has not been evaluated.

Bowlbys Attachment Theory

Introduction For the purpose of this assignment I will begin with a discussion of John Bowl by’s theory of attachment, this is one of the most used theories in children’s social work today. I will then discuss the origins of attachment theory, with giving an overview of what attachment theory consists of. In addition I will critically analyse this theory by incorporating other theorist’s views. Further I will give a brief account of how Mary Ainsworth researched attachment and her outcomes and classifications, which strengthened and widened the theory. Finally I will discuss how this theory is used within social work settings, together with influencing policy initiatives . A brief overview is given regarding the ethical approach used together with its relevance to anti discriminatory practise. Bowlby initially began his career as a child psychiatrist, which later led him to undertake training at the British Psychoanalytic Institute. These early experiences contributed positively in Bowlby’s research, which then led to the origins of attachment theory. This was his first empirical study to be undertaken. He examined cases of maladjusted children in a school. Bowlby then linked the children who were committing petty crime, also suffered with affectionless emotions. He then noted that all of these children had a history of separation and maternal deprivation Bowlby then proceeded to expand his research, influenced by Konrad Lorenz’s (1935) paper on imprinting. In which Lorenz researched behaviour of baby geese, where he stated is a phrase sensitive learning which is implied within a â€Å"_critical period† (Lorenz 1935). _Bowlby’s research was then one compromising concepts from ethologic, cybernetics and psychoanalysis methods. Thus making him believe that, humans are also born with tendencies to naturally promote attachment. The main concepts which Bowlby mainly focused on was; monotropy a tendency to attach to one particular care giver usually the mother. In addition he stated â€Å"_the propensity to make strong emotional bonds to one particular individual is a basic component of human nature† (Bowlby 1988). _He also goes on to state attachment â€Å"aids in survival†. Bowlby had distinguished four categories that consisted in attachment. The proximity Maintenance: Desire to be near the people we are attached to. Safe Haven: Returning to the attachment figure for comfort and safety in the face of fear or threat Secure Base: The attachment figure acts as a base of security from which the child can explore the surrounding environment. Separation Distress: Anxiety that occurs in the absence of the attachment figure. Ambivalent Attachment: _Where the child usually become very distressed when parents leave. This type is un common, normally a result of poor maternal availability. _ After Ainsworth’s research, (Main, Solomon 1986) added a fourth attachment style from their own research Conclusion

Adult Boundaries in ‘the Passion’ and ‘the God of Small Things’.

Winterson and Roy refuse to ‘accept what we think of as adult boundaries'. How is this reflected in ‘The Passion' and ‘The God of Small Things'? In every civilisation, there are boundaries which are set by the adults to run our lives. They are the unspoken laws which were created by higher authorities and not supposed to be questioned. Adult boundaries present the strength of the society. Yet those boundaries suppress the individuals’ freedom. Most importantly it deters the lives of the weakest people in the society.Both Jeanette Winterson and Arundhati Roy have strong opinions on these adult boundaries. Arundhati Roy was born in 1961 in the North-eastern Indian region of Bengal, to a Christian mother and Hindu father in India’s caste system. She spent her childhood in Ayemenem in Kerala. Roy is widely known for political activism. Winterson was born in Manchester. She was adopted and raised in Elim Pentecostal Church. Her parents wanted her to be miss ionary. Winterson identified herself as a lesbian and left home at 16 as her parents would not accept her as a lesbian.Brought up as a Pentecostal Christian, â€Å"Jeanette never truly abandons her faith; her faith abandons her because of clear disagreements over her sexual identity†( Michael Dick on ‘Oranges Are Not the Only Fruit’). Here, Winterson’s faith could be her parents. Perhaps she had faith in them that they would accept her. Therefore she doesn’t abandon them but they abandon her. One might suggest that this is a false statement because Winterson’s rebellious personality may have pushed her to abandon her faith.Although both writers are attacking the adult boundaries to break them down, they know this would usually end in tragedy as adult boundaries restore orders. Both writers use their characters to define and then challenge the society’s rules. The formation of and belonging to categories are adult boundaries. For exampl e Estha and Rahel were not aware that they belonged to a categorised system as they ran off to Velutha to freely play with him therefore meaning that categories form as you grow into it. The characters are faced with loss of freedom as they have no choice as to â€Å"who should be loved.And how. And how much†. Estha and Rahel are limited in showing their love towards Velutha and Ammu breaks the boundaries by loving an Untouchable. Velutha. Similarly, Villanelle differentiates between genders which are two completely different categories. She dresses as a male by wearing a ‘codpiece’ and covering her face with ‘white powder’. Every layer of powder blurs the ability to differentiate her between genders. Winterson says, â€Å"heterosexuality and homosexuality are a kind of psychosis, and the truth is somewhere in the middle†( http://www. brainyquote. om/quotes/keywords/homosexuality. html). However, this is biased as Winterson is someone who chal lenges the barriers set for her. The idea of sexuality categories is bound to cultural and historical factors. For some, The word ‘heterosexuality’ is redundant because male and female genders naturally complete each other. Winterson does not want there to be specific categories separating sexual preferences which she has to belong to. Therefore, as she fearlessly breaks between boundaries they become blurred as the readers cannot decide where she belongs.Henri is also present in a so-called them and us category as he justifies the killing of British soldiers by calling them, ‘the enemy’ rather than recognising their humanity and the responsibility associated with taking human life. Under Napoleon’s personal governance, Henri insidiously expresses his feminine side. He feels sympathetic to the abused prostitutes and feels fear by the inhumanness of the war. Henri is actually a weak, even feminine soldier, who has a passion for Napoleon which implies that he is also sexually attracted to him.After losing an eye at Austerlitz, Henri questions himself if he should run away from the war. Henri then says, â€Å"to survive the zero winter(†¦ ) we made a pyre of our hearts and put them aside for ever. There’s no pawnshop for the heart†. His decision to abandon is certain. Henri starts to hate napoleon and himself for loving him. Henri is tackling boundaries as he isn’t conforming to orders and love laws. Napoleon lacks the passion Henri is in search of. The words ‘Untouchable’ and ‘Touchable’ are a formation of adult boundaries as it assesses who is allowed to interact with whom.Ammu imagines touching Velutha’s muscular body which she is not allowed; this shows that passion can take over the boundaries. Villanelle admits that â€Å"Somewhere between fear and sex passion is†. This is true because your passion can lead you into dangers which you would usually fear yet it satisfies you at the same time. For instance, France’s unjustified love for Bonaparte, who has exploited them, sent their sons to death and ‘bled them dry’. ‘Love Laws’, the boundaries imposed by traditional caste societies, are torn down in both novels as Winterson and Roy refuse to accept the classic ‘fairy-tale’ model of love.As the audience found Estha’s joyful singing irritating, they sent him out where he lost his voice forever. Estha losing his voice was like losing his virginity. His innocence is stolen by this man. While Rahel senses that this man cannot be trusted, she tells Ammu, â€Å"So why don't you marry him then? † only to be told that now Ammu loves her a little less. Consequently Rahel is inconsolable and unable to forget Ammu's words. This is certainly contravening because while Estha is more loved Rahel is being less loved. Roy may be doing this to show that Love laws can sometimes be unfair and that no one has control.More importantly, the peculiar sexual intimacy between Estha and Rahel completely destroys boundaries. Loredo believes the cause for incest is â€Å"the desire for affiliation and affection; a combating of loneliness, depression, and a sense of isolation; and a discharging of anxiety and tension due to stress†( www. pamramsey. com/incest. htm). Although the twins having a high intimacy, Roy most probably wanted to show innocence as they had known each other before life began, – two separate individuals who share a single womb for nine months.Estha saw his mum in Rahel and it was as if Estha had returned to her after he was sent away. I do not believe â€Å"the taboo breaking coupling of the twins†( Aijaz Ahmad reading Arundhati Roy politically) should be seen acceptable as this will scar them forever when they realise their guilt. Similarly, in ‘The Passion’ the so called holy priest â€Å"had been forced out of the church for squin ting at young girls from the bell tower†. A priest is supposed to be a person who gives direction and sin-free. However the priest is not innocent anymore.Both authors refuse adult boundaries in order for everyone to be equal and free. However if there were no rules and orders the joy and satisfaction of breaking them would not exist. Ammu wouldn’t feel the pleasure where she secretly seeks for Velutha. Estha and Rahel wouldn’t be able to enjoy running off to Velutha. Villanelle wouldn’t feel pleasure of confusing men with her codpiece and powdered face. At the end of the day, â€Å"The one who breaks the silence is never forgiven. †( Jeanette Winterson- ‘Why Be Happy When You could Be Normal’)Control encourages adult boundaries to form. In ‘The God of Small Things’, the history house seems to be very powerful. â€Å"To understand history,† Chacko says, â€Å"we have to go inside and listen to what they’re sa ying. † The twins acknowledge that the river acts as a barrier to them, preventing them from getting the cruel truths, putting the pieces of the puzzle together. Chacko also told them that â€Å"the whole contemporary history, (†¦)- was no more than a blink of the Earth Woman's eye†, compared to whom they were inconsequential.This story is actually really important in shaping the twins’ later life. They openly are being told that they’re insignificant. They are just a small part of a great picture that will have little lasting effect. Correspondingly, as Anne Clarke mentions, â€Å"Chacko, (†¦) explains to Rahel and Estha that they are a family of anglophiles(†¦). From Chacko’s disillusioned perspective, cultural hybridity is seen as emphatically negative as it alienates the subject from both cultures†: â€Å"we belong nowhere. We sail unanchored on troubled seas.We may never be allowed ashore†. ( Anna Clarke, ‘lan guage, hybridity and dialogism in ‘The God of Small Thing’) This will instantly create boundaries for them as they will know they have no freedom and are controlled by larger external powers. Both authors dislike the human enthusiasm with wealth but they do not reject adult boundaries, they debate adult passion to treat rich with great regard. Roy tells her reader that wealth alone does not determine the moral integrity of a person, as Pappachi’s treatment of his wife and his children demonstrates this. They were beaten, humiliated and then made to suffer (†¦) for having such a wonderful husband and father. † It is visible that she is being controlled because Chacko starts to take control of the pickle factory just as it was doing well. Pappachi beats Mammachi because he feels that women should not have so much control, – he is afraid that it’s shaming his manhood. Concurrently, Villanelle is living a life Winterson wanted to live herself ; – she allows her character to live freely. In reality women in the 17th and 18th century would not be as free as Villanelle.For instance â€Å"Women who spoke out against the patriarchal system of gender roles, or any injustice, ran the risk of being exiled from their communities. †( http://www. enotes. com/feminism-criticism/women-16th-17th-18th-centuries) Georgette is another example of the women at the time although she was not â€Å"tried for heresy in 1545 and eventually burned at a stake†( http://www. enotes. com/feminism-criticism/women-16th-17th-18th-centuries) like Anne Askew, an outspoken English protestant. â€Å"Georgette actively opposed to the established system of patriarchy†. ( http://www. enotes. om/feminism-criticism/women-16th-17th-18th-centuries) One might suggest that Georgette is a ‘positive heroine’. Unlike a fairy-tale character, she does not deny her father’s authority but rejects being manipulated as a produ ct. Winterson is blatantly frustrated as she questions, â€Å"Why should a woman be limited by anything or anybody? Why should a women not be ambitious for literature? Ambitious for herself? †. ( Jeanette Winterson- ‘Why Be Happy When You could Be Normal’) However, this is easy to say for Winterson because the consequences of rebelling may outweigh the benefit of freedom.Therefore with Villanelle, Winterson creates a role model for women to follow. ‘The Passion’ and ‘The God of Small Things’ uses language to escape the reality of the adult boundaries. The twins Rahel and Estha want to move away from reality because 2what you end up remembering isn’t always the same as what you have witnessed†( Julian Barnes-The Sense of an Ending) which is why they often seek refuge in the fiction world. â€Å"Like the actor-dancers [of Kathakali†¦] the twins feel as if they were living in two worlds at the same time†. Joelle Cel erier-Vitasse – The Blurring of Frontiers in Arundhati Roy’s ‘The God of Small Things’) After witnessing the action of the Touchable police towards Velutha, Rahel does not accept his death. There are many similar cases in history as Edward Luce says, â€Å"In much of rural India caste discrimination is as rampant as ever and hundreds die every year from caste violence, some at the hands of police†. ( In spite of the gods by Edward Luce (pg. 125)) When they see that â€Å"blood spilled from his skull like a secret. Rahel refuse to believe that it is his body whereas Estha refuses to see it a fiction anymore. Perhaps the reality is too hard for Rahel, as Velutha is a father figure to them. Both writers’ characters deny the unpleasant realities like a child. In ‘The Passion’, Henri justifies his killing by calling them the ‘enemies’ instead of giving them any human qualities, – he does not come to term with his action. Similarly, when Comrade Pillai wants the workers to stand against Chacko, he talks about him as ‘The management’. By doing this he is taking away his human side so the workers will not feel any guilt.Winterson seems particularly discontented by the boundaries enforced by the physical world, and utilizes the freedom offered by the creation of her own reality. Villanelle’s tendency towards theatrical cross-dressing dims the boundaries of reality; her excessive make-up, â€Å"I made up my lips with vermilion and overlaid my face with white powderâ€Å", conveys a fantastical image of a person from real one. The arrival of Sophie Mol in the Ayemenem household, whilst is theatrical, with the veranda becoming the set for the performance gave it the dignity of a stage and everything that happened there took on the aura and significance of performance.Whilst Winterson aims to â€Å"sharpen and multiply the possibilities of the actual world†( http://nccur . lib. nccu. edu. tw/bitstream/140. 119/33324/6/55101206. pdf) and create a better reality, Roy’s use of the comparison to theatrics is scornful. Roy mocks the rehearsed pleasantries that convention dictates and the characters go with it. Roy believes that they are another sign of society’s suppression of genuine human interaction. Overall, both authors clearly feel let down by the oppressive nature of many of the adult boundaries which are customary in the society.They also seem to resent the reverence many show for history, particularly when elements of history – war, oppression, and suffering – are so brutal. Both authors revel in the creation of their own realities as metaphorical escapes from the physical world and, in this, they once again come to resemble their characters: seeking refuge in their own fabricated stories. Bibliography 1. Roy, Arundhati. The God of Small Things. IndiaInk, India. 1997. 2. Winterson, Jeanette. The Passion. Grove Press. August 7, 1997. 3. Luce, Edward. In Spite of the Gods: The Rise of Modern India. Anchor.March 11, 2008. 4. 4. Clarke, Anne. language, hybridity and dialogism in ‘The God of Small Thing’. Routledge. 2007. 5. Winterson, Jeanette. Why Be Happy When You could Be Normal. Grove Press. March 6, 2012. 6. Barnes, Julian. The Sense of an Ending, THE NEW YORK TIMES BOOK REVIEW. USA. October 5, 2011. 7. Dick, Michael. ‘Oranges Are Not the Only Fruit’. Ryerson University. November 25, 2005. 8. Roy, Winterson. Homosexuality Quotes. Brainy Quote. 2001 – 2012 BrainyQuote. BookRags Media Network. http://www. brainyquote. com/quotes/keywords/homosexuality. html. 9. Ramsey, Pam.Psychological Effects of Incest on Girls Focusing on Sibling Incest. Pamramsey. 1994. http://www. pamramsey. com/incest. htm 10. Cengage, Gale. Feminism in Literature. eNotes. 2005. http://www. enotes. com/feminism-criticism/women-16th-17th-18th-centuries 11. Book by Onega, Susana . Refracting t he Canon in Contemporary British Literature and Film. 1994. Quote by Winterson, Jeanette. 1996. 12. Ahmad, Aijaz. Reading Arundhati Roy politically. Frontline. 8 August, 1997 13. Celerier-Vitasse, Joelle. The Blurring of Frontiers in Arundhati Roy’s ‘The God of Small Things’. France. 2008.